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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 91 records · Page 5
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1990

Oxygen production by electrolysis of molten lunar regolith

The goal of this study was threefold. First, the theoretical energy requirements of the process were to be defined. This includes studies of the relevant oxidation-reduction reactions in the melt, their kinetics and energies of reaction, and experimental determination of production efficiencies and melt resistivities as functions of melt composition and applied potential. Second, the product(s) of silicate electrolysis were to be characterized. This includes: (1) evaluating the phase relationships in the systems SiO2-TiO2-Al2O3-MgO-FeO-CaO and Fe-Si; (2) estimating the compositions of the metal products as a function of applied potential and feedstock composition based on phase equilibria in the Fe-Si system and free energy values for SiO2 and FeO reported in the literature; (3) definition of compositions of products in actual experiments; and (4) definition of the form the product takes (whether phases separate or remain fixed, whether crystals settle or float in the remaining melt, and how large crystals form). Third, materials for these highly corrosive high-temperature silicate melts were to be identified. This includes identifing materials that may be either inert or thermodynamically stable in these melts, and experimental testing of the materials to confirm that they do not deteriorate. The results are discussed within this framework.

Haskin, Larry A.↗
NASA NTRS2004

Hydrogen and Ferric Iron in Mars Materials

Knowledge of oxygen and hydrogen fugacity is of paramount importance in constraining phase equilibria and crystallization processes of melts, as well as understanding the partitioning of elements between the cope and silicate portions of terrestrial planets. H and Fe(3+) must both be analyzed in order to reconstruct hydrogen and oxygen fugacities on Mars. To date, SIMS data have elucidated D/H and H contents of hydrous phases in SNC meteorites, but until now anhydrous martian minerals have not been systematically examined for trace hydrogen. Ferric iron has been quantified using XANES in many martian phases, but integrated studies of both Fe(3+) and H on the same spots are really needed to address the H budget. Finally, the effects of shock on both Fe(3+) and H in hydrous and anhydrous phases must be quantified. Thus, the overall goal of this research was to understand the oxygen and hydrogen fugacities under which martian samples crystallized. In this research one-year project, we approached this problem by 1) characterizing Fe(3+) and H contents of SNC meteorites using both bulk (Mossbauer spectroscopy and uranium extraction, respectively) and microscale (synchrotron micro-XANES and SIMS) methods; 2) relating Fe(3+) and H contents of martian minerals to their oxygen and hydrogen fugacities through analysis of experimentally equilibrated phases (for pyroxene) and through study of volcanic rocks in which the oxygen and hydrogen fugacities can be independently constrained (for feldspar); and 3) studying the effects of shock processes on Fe(3+) and H contents of the phases of interest. Results have been used to assess quantitatively the distribution of H and Fe(3+) among phases in the martian interior, which will better constrain the geodynamic processes of the interior, as well as the overall hydrogen and water budgets on Mars. There were no inventions funded by this research.

Dyar, Melinda D.↗
NASA NTRS1984

High pressure cosmochemistry applied to major planetary interiors: Experimental studies

Progress is reported on a project to determine the properties and boundaries of high pressure phases of the H2-He-H2O-NH3-CH4 system that are needed to constrain theoretical models of the interiors of the major planets. This project is one of the first attempts to measure phase equilibria in binary fluid-solid systems in diamond anvil cells. Vibrational spectroscopy, direct visual observations, and X-ray diffraction crystallography of materials confined in externally heated cells are the primary experimental probes. Adiabats of these materials are also measured in order to constrain models of heat flow in these bodies and to detect phase transitions by thermal anomalies. Initial efforts involve the NH3-H2O binary. This system is especially relevant to models for surface reconstruction of the icy satellites of Jupiter and Saturn. Thermal analysis experiments were completed for the P-X space, p4GPa:0 or = 0.50, near room temperature. The cryostat, sample handling equipment, and optics needed to extend the optical P-T-X work below room temperature was completed.

Nicol, M. F.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Superalloy eutectic composites with the VI A refractory elements - Cr, Mo and W

The paper discusses the phase equilibria for the ternary systems NiAlCr, NiAlMo, and NiAlW, with emphasis on reactions from the liquid state, although some of the solid state reactions are mentioned. It is shown that eutectics in the Ni-Al-refractory element (Cr, Mo, W) systems offer the potential for high-temperature turbine blade and vane applications. In particular, it is shown that the phase diagrams of these ternary systems can be manipulated to alter the eutectic phases and morphologies by simple quaternary alloying modifications. The resultant combination of chemistry and structure can be controlled to ensure a behavior that is well-matched to hot section component materials requirements.

Jackson, M. R.↗
NASA NTRS2012

Electrostatic Levitation: A Tool to Support Materials Research in Microgravity

Containerless processing represents an important topic for materials research in microgravity. Levitated specimens are free from contact with a container, which permits studies of deeply undercooled melts, and high-temperature, highly reactive materials. Containerless processing provides data for studies of thermophysical properties, phase equilibria, metastable state formation, microstructure formation, undercooling, and nucleation. The European Space Agency (ESA) and the German Aerospace Center (DLR) jointly developed an electromagnetic levitator facility (MSL-EML) for containerless materials processing in space. The electrostatic levitator (ESL) facility at the Marshall Space Flight Center provides support for the development of containerless processing studies for the ISS. Apparatus and techniques have been developed to use the ESL to provide data for phase diagram determination, creep resistance, emissivity, specific heat, density/thermal expansion, viscosity, surface tension and triggered nucleation of melts. The capabilities and results from selected ESL-based characterization studies performed at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center will be presented.

Rogers, Jan↗
NASA NTRS1980

The role of P2O5 in silicate melts

Phase equilibria data in the systems SiO2-P2O5, P2O5-M(x)O(y), and P2O5-M(x)O(y)-SiO2 are employed in conjunction with chromatographic and spectral data to investigate the role of P2O5 in silicate melts. P2O5 depolymerizes pure SiO2 melts by entering the network as a four-fold coordinated cation, but polymerizes melts in which an additional metal cation other than silicon is present. In this complex system P2O5 acts to increase phase separation by further enrichment of the high charge density cations Ti, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ca, in the ferrobasaltic liquid. The dual behavior of P2O5 is explained in a model which requires complexing of phosphate anions and metal cations in the melt. This interaction destroys Si-O-M-O-Si bonds polymerizing the melt. The higher concentration of Si-O-M-O-Si bond complexes in immiscible ferrobasaltic liquids relative to their conjugate immiscible granite liquids explains the partitioning of P2O5 into the ferrobasaltic liquid.

Ryerson, F. J.↗
NASA NTRS1995

Ca-Rich Carbonate Melts: A Regular-Solution Model, with Applications to Carbonatite Magma + Vapor Equilibria and Carbonate Lavas on Venus

A thermochemical model of the activities of species in carbonate-rich melts would be useful in quantifying chemical equilibria between carbonatite magmas and vapors and in extrapolating liquidus equilibria to unexplored PTX. A regular-solution model of Ca-rich carbonate melts is developed here, using the fact that they are ionic liquids, and can be treated (to a first approximation) as interpenetrating regular solutions of cations and of anions. Thermochemical data on systems of alkali metal cations with carbonate and other anions are drawn from the literature; data on systems with alkaline earth (and other) cations and carbonate (and other) anions are derived here from liquidus phase equilibria. The model is validated in that all available data (at 1 kbar) are consistent with single values for the melting temperature and heat of fusion for calcite, and all liquidi are consistent with the liquids acting as regular solutions. At 1 kbar, the metastable congruent melting temperature of calcite (CaCO3) is inferred to be 1596 K, with (Delta)bar-H(sub fus)(calcite) = 31.5 +/- 1 kJ/mol. Regular solution interaction parameters (W) for Ca(2+) and alkali metal cations are in the range -3 to -12 kJ/sq mol; W for Ca(2+)-Ba(2+) is approximately -11 kJ/sq mol; W for Ca(2+)-Mg(2+) is approximately -40 kJ/sq mol, and W for Ca(2+)-La(3+) is approximately +85 kJ/sq mol. Solutions of carbonate and most anions (including OH(-), F(-), and SO4(2-)) are nearly ideal, with W between 0(ideal) and -2.5 kJ/sq mol. The interaction of carbonate and phosphate ions is strongly nonideal, which is consistent with the suggestion of carbonate-phosphate liquid immiscibility. Interaction of carbonate and sulfide ions is also nonideal and suggestive of carbonate-sulfide liquid immiscibility. Solution of H2O, for all but the most H2O-rich compositions, can be modeled as a disproportionation to hydronium (H3O(+)) and hydroxyl (OH(-)) ions with W for Ca(2+)-H3O(+) (approximately) equals 33 kJ/sq mol. The regular-solution model of carbonate melts can be applied to problems of carbonatite magma + vapor equilibria and of extrapolating liquidus equilibria to unstudied systems. Calculations on one carbonatite (the Husereau dike, Oka complex, Quebec, Canada) show that the anion solution of its magma contained an OH mole fraction of (approximately) 0.07, although the vapor in equilibrium with the magma had P(H2O) = 8.5 x P(CO2). F in carbonatite systems is calculated to be strongly partitioned into the magma (as F(-)) relative to coexisting vapor. In the Husereau carbonatite magma, the anion solution contained an F(-) mole fraction of (approximately) 6 x 10(exp -5).

Treiman, Allan H.↗
NASA NTRS1998

Differential Thermal Analysis of Hg(1-x)Mn(x)Te Alloys in the X=0 to 0.3 Range

Understanding the experimental conditions necessary for the development of radial and axial compositional homogeneity in directionally solidified Hg(0.89)Mn(0.11)Te(MMT) crystals has been difficult due to the lack of segregation coefficient data on the Hg(1-x)Mn(x)Te alloy system in the X = 0 to 0.3 composition range. Determining segregation coefficient data from the available Hg(1-x)Mn(x)Te alloy phase equilibria data is not practical due to discrepancies in the shape of the reported solidus and liquidus curves in the X = 0 to 0.3 range. To resolve these discrepancies and to obtain segregation coefficient data which can be used to understand homogeneity in directionally solidified MMT crystals, the solidus and liquidus temperatures of seven Hg(1-x)Mn(x)Te alloys in the X = 0 to 0.3 range were determined using differential thermal analysis (DTA). The Hg(1-x)Mn(x)Te phase diagram constructed for the X = 0 to 0.3 range of this alloy system from the DTA measurements clarifies the shape of the solidus and liquidus curves in this range. The segregation coefficient for the Hg(1-x)Mn(x)Te system was found to vary from 5 to 4.4 as the solidus composition increased from 0-30 atomic percent MnTe. This information will be useful in the analysis of axial and radial homogeneity of directionally solidified MMT crystals.

Price, M. W.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Origin of opaque assemblages in C3V meteorites - Implications for nebular and planetary processes

The results of analyses of meteoritic opaque assemblages (OAs) are presented and used in conjunction with literature data on phase equilibria and diffusion to further develop the hypothesis of Blum et al. (1989) for the origin of OAs in Ca,Al-rich inclusions (CAIs). Based on the results of the analyses, it is suggested that OAs formed after the crystallization of host CAIs by exsolution, sulfidation, and oxidation of precursor alloys at low temperatures (about 770 K) and higher than solar gas sulfur and oxygen fugacities. This model contrasts with previous models that call upon the formation of CAI OAs by aggregation of previously formed phases in the solar nebula prior to the crystallization of CAIs.

Blum, Joel D.↗
NASA NTRS2013

The W-W02 Oxygen Fugacity Buffer at High Pressures and Temperatures: Implications for f02 Buffering and Metal-silicate Partitioning

Oxygen fugacity (fO2) controls multivalent phase equilibria and partitioning of redox-sensitive elements, and it is important to understand this thermodynamic parameter in experimental and natural systems. The coexistence of a metal and its oxide at equilibrium constitutes an oxygen buffer which can be used to control or calculate fO2 in high pressure experiments. Application of 1-bar buffers to high pressure conditions can lead to inaccuracies in fO2 calculations because of unconstrained pressure dependencies. Extending fO2 buffers to pressures and temperatures corresponding to the Earth's deep interior requires precise determinations of the difference in volume (Delta) V) between the buffer phases. Synchrotron x-ray diffraction data were obtained using diamond anvil cells (DAC) and a multi anvil press (MAP) to measure unit cell volumes of W and WO2 at pressures and temperatures up to 70 GPa and 2300 K. These data were fitted to Birch-Murnaghan 3rd-order thermal equations of state using a thermal pressure approach; parameters for W are KT = 306 GPa, KT' = 4.06, and αKT = 0.00417 GPa K-1. Two structural phase transitions were observed for WO2 at 4 and 32 GPa with structures in P21/c, Pnma and C2/c space groups. Equations of state were fitted for these phases over their respective pressure ranges yielding the parameters KT = 190, 213, 300 GPa, KT' = 4.24, 5.17, 4 (fixed), and αKT = 0.00506, 0.00419, 0.00467 GPa K-1 for the P21/c, Pnma and C2/c phases, respectively. The W-WO2 buffer (WWO) was extended to high pressure by inverting the W and WO2 equations of state to obtain phase volumes at discrete pressures (1-bar to 100 GPa, 1 GPa increments) along isotherms (300 to 3000K, 100 K increments). The slope of the absolute fO2 of the WWO buffer is positive with increasing temperature up to approximately 70 GPa and is negative above this pressure. The slope is positive along isotherms from 1000 to 3000K with increasing pressure up to at least 100 GPa. The WWO buffer is at a higher fO2 than the IW buffer at pressures lower than 40 GPa, and the magnitude of this difference decreases at higher pressures. This qualitatively indicates an increasingly lithophile character for W at higher pressures. The WWO buffer was quantitatively applied to W metal-silicate partitioning by using the WWO-IW buffer difference in combination with literature data on W metal-silicate partitioning to model the exchange coefficient (KD) for the Fe-W exchange reaction. This approach captures the pressure dependence of W metal-silicate partitioning using the WWO-IW buffer difference and models the activities of the components in the silicate and metallic phases using an expression of the Gibbs excess energy of mixing. Calculation of KD along a peridotite liquidus predicts a decrease in W siderophility at higher pressures that supports the qualitative behavior predicted by the WWO-IW buffer difference, and agrees with findings of others. Comparing the competing effects of temperature and pressure on W metal-silicate partitioning, our results indicate that pressure exerts a greater effect.

Shofner, G. A.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Origin of titaniferous lunar basalts

Delineation of low pressure phase equilibria in the composition space relevant to titaniferous lunar basalts demonstrates a significant degree of control by those equilibria on the compositions of the basalts. The existence of two distinct chemical groups of basalts (high and low K) which cannot be related one to the other by fractional crystallization at any pressure, suggests that melting is responsible for the two groups. Consideration of the pressure shift required to produce the differences between groups constrains magma segregation to have occurred in the outer 150 km of the moon. It is difficult to relate low-Ti and high-Ti basalts to the same source region. The preferred source region of high-Ti basalts, based on phase equilibrium considerations, is a late ilmenite-rich cumulate produced from the residual liquid of the primordial differentiation of the outer portions of the moon. This ilmenite-rich layer is sandwiched between the lunar feldspathic crust and a complementary mafic cumulate.

Walker, D.↗
DOE OSTI2024

Thermodynamic modeling of CsF with LiF-NaF-KF for molten fluoride-fueled reactors

Gibbs energy models were developed to describe the thermochemical behavior of CsF in molten FLiNaK (46.5LiF-11.5NaF-42KF mol%), a proposed molten salt reactor (MSR) fuel solvent and coolant, as cesium is of concern due to its high radiotoxicity and volatility. Initially, it was necessary to obtain a more accurate Gibbs energy function for CsF which required fitting parameters to reported vapor pressures over condensed phase CsF. The pseudo-binary systems CsF-LiF, CsF-NaF and CsF-KF were then evaluated utilizing phase equilibria and enthalpy of mixing (Δ mix H) values, together with original differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements performed for the CsF-LiF and CsF-KF systems. The CsF-LiF-NaF, CsF-LiF-KF and CsF-NaF-KF pseudo-ternary system representations were obtained by interpolation of the constituent pseudo-binary systems, with DSC measurements performed for the CsF-LiF-NaF system to corroborate the calculated liquidus temperature. Ultimately, the pseudo-ternary systems were interpolated to obtain Gibbs energy models for the pseudo-quaternary CsF-LiF-NaF-KF system, supported by DSC measurements at low CsF compositions (1–10 mol%), yielding computed equilibria and cesium-containing vapor pressures that compare favorably with reported values. In conclusion, the Molten Salt Thermal Properties Database – Thermochemical (MSTDB-TC) was subsequently expanded to include these Gibbs energy models allowing description of the thermochemical behavior of the CsF-LiF-NaF-KF system.

11 - NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Strength, deformation, and the fcc–hcp phase transition in condensed Kr and Xe to the 100 GPa pressure range

The rare gas solids exhibit systematic differences in crystal structure, phase transition conditions, bond strength, and other physical properties. The physical properties of heavy rare gas solids krypton and xenon are modified by the martensitic phase transition from face-centered cubic to hexagonal close packed structure over a broad pressure range. Crystal structure, strength, and plastic deformation of krypton and xenon have been investigated at 300 K using compression in the diamond-anvil cell with synchrotron angle-dispersive x-ray diffraction and complementary ruby fluorescence spectroscopy for Xe. Stacking faults indicative of the fcc–hcp phase transition are observed at pressures at and above 1.23 ± 0.05 and 1.9 ± 0.6 GPa in Kr and Xe, respectively. The transition remains incomplete in both solids to pressures greater than 100 GPa. Strength determined from stress measurements in Pt and ruby standards at pressures up to 111 GPa and complemented by observations of strain and texture measurements obtained by x-ray diffraction in the radial geometry to 100 GPa indicates similar or higher strength than Ar at all conditions, with significant stiffening at 15–20 GPa. Radial diffraction data reveal the persistence of broad highly textured fcc diffraction lines to 101 GPa in Xe, suggesting that the axial measurements may underestimate the metastable persistence of the fcc phase due to biased sampling of hcp crystallites resulting from preferred crystallite orientation. Kr and Xe are compared with He, Ne, and Ar for a systematic understanding of physical properties and phase equilibria of rare gas solids.

Compressive stress↗
DOE OSTI2024

Computational thermodynamics-guided alloy design and phase stability in CoCrFeMnNi-based medium-and high-entropy alloys: An experimental-theoretical study

A computational thermodynamics approach has been employed to design CoCrFeMnNi-based medium- and high-entropy alloys (M/HEAs) with systematically varied compositions (Co(( 80-X )/ 2 )Cr(( 80-X )/ 2 )Fe X Mn 10 Ni 10 with x = 30, 40, and 50 at.%) and phase stability. Since the formation of sigma phase, usually brittle and undesirable, is a common concern, when this class of alloys is subjected to elevated temperatures (600–1000 °C), predicting its formation becomes essential. Thus, its formation and the phase equilibria were studied using the CALPHAD method, and two empirical methods, namely, valence electron concentration (VEC) and paired sigma-forming element (PSFE). Isothermal aging treatments at 900–1100 °C for 20 h were performed, since CALPHAD and VEC/PSFE predictions diverged. Both prediction methods were compared with experimental characterization by a combination of scanning electron microscopy and high-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction. In conclusion, the predictions from the VEC/PSFE and CALPHAD calculations (depending on the database used) were shown to be quite accurate.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Phase Transitions and Melting in the Venusian Basaltic Crust: Implications for Crustal Recycling

Understanding phase transitions and melting in the Venusian crust and the associated changes in density are critical to constrain crustal thickness, recycling, and remelting processes. For example, average surface conditions on Venus of 92 bars and 460 °C correspond to low-grade metamorphic conditions on Earth equivalent to hornfels- and greenschist-facies. Further, the primary igneous mineralogy in the Venusian crust should be replaced by metamorphic minerals over time and potentially melt, as temperatures and pressures increase with depth along geothermal gradients. Here, we use Perple_X (Connolly, 2005), a Gibbs free energy minimization program to calculates table phase equilibria over a range of pressure and temperature conditions for whole-rock compositions of a dry basalt, alkali basalt, and peridotite. Further, we extract mineral abundancies along five geotherms of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 °C/km and calculate the rock density after the extraction of melt. On the coldest geotherm of 5 °C/km, melting would start at ~ 197 km and ~121 km in the basalt and alkali basalt, respectively, and therefore at depths that significantly exceed the estimated thickness of the Venusian crust (8-25 km). A density cross-over, where the crustal density would exceed that of the mantle could potentially induce delamination and is estimated to occur at ~ 40 km for both compositions. On the 10 °C/km geotherm, melting of the basalt starts at 65 km and melt extraction only causes a gradual densification due the formation of initially lower melt proportions. In contrast, the alkali basalt starts to melt at a depth of ~ 57 km and the subsequent densification of the residual composition could trigger delamination at ~ 60km depth. For hotter geotherms (i.e., 25 °C/km gradient), melting would occur at shallower depths of 21 – 23 km. However, the basalt will not get significantly denser than the mantle while the residuum of the alkali basalt would reach a density cross-over at 30 km. Hence, differences in Venusian crustal compositions can significantly influence the thickness of the crust on individual geotherms. Our results demonstrate that phase transitions and melting are strongly dependent on the assumed geotherm and could, combined with geodynamic models, further constrain crustal parameters.

Julia Semprich↗
DOE OSTI2025

MCCCS-MN

The MCCCS‒MN (Monte Carlo for Complex Chemical Systems‒Minnesota) software is developed by the Siepmann research group at the University of Minnesota. MCCCS‒MN allows for the simulation of multi-component molecular systems in the canonical, isobaric-isothermal (including constant stress for solids), grand-canonical, semi-grand, and Gibbs (NVT, NPT, and more than two simulation boxes) ensembles. It uses the configurational-bias Monte Carlo method to efficiently sample phase space for linear, branched and cyclic chain molecules, the adiabatic nuclear and electronic sampling Monte Carlo method to treat many-body polarization effects, and the aggregation-volume-bias Monte Carlo algorithm to efficiently sample the spatial distribution of associating molecules. MCCCS-MN employs a molecular representation of the system where force fields contain bonded and non-bonded terms. Funding for the development of MCCCS-MN through grants from the National Science Foundation (simulation of fluid phase equilibria and chromatography) and the Department of Energy (simulation of adsorption equilibria) is gratefully acknowledged.

Siepmann, J.Ilja [University of Minnesota - Twin C↗
DOE OSTI2026

Thermodynamics of grain-boundary phases

The past decade has seen a significant increase in research efforts aimed at understanding the thermodynamics of low-dimensional phases existing in many materials systems, ranging from two-dimensional materials to core regions of extended defects in crystalline solids. We review the current status of theoretical, computational, and experimental research on the “defect phases,” focusing on grain boundaries (GBs) in elemental and multicomponent polycrystalline materials. After reviewing the generalized concept of a phase of any dimensionality, we discuss recent progress in atomistic computer simulations of GB phase transformations and phase coexistences, including the observation of one-dimensional defects separating GB phases (defects in defects). Computational predictions compare well with experimental observations of multiple GB phases and segregation-induced phase transformations. An intriguing open question of GB thermodynamics is whether the GB free energy can be driven to a zero value by increasing solute segregation. We review recent efforts to understand this ultimate thermodynamic stabilization of GB phases and the possible polycrystalline microstructures that may arise. An outlook for future research in the field is discussed.

Materials science↗
DOE OSTI2024

Rare Earth Carbide (Nd-C and Ce-C) Synthesis and Characterization to Inform Phase Equilibrium in Advanced Nuclear Fuels

As advances are being made regarding the performance of nuclear fuels, uranium carbides, and composites, such as (U,Zr)C and UO2 + UCx, have recently gained significant interest for deployment in nuclear space propulsion and high temperature gas-cooled reactors, respectively. However, the phase equilibria of several fission products in carbide systems remain unknown and may impact the overall fuel performance, specifically for particle nuclear fuels that are designed for commercial nuclear energy. Furthermore, comprehensive thermodynamic data on Rare Earth (RE) carbides, such as the Nd-C and Ce-C binary systems, remain limited. Presented in this study are the synthesis methods and characterizations of several Nd-C and Ce-C compositions. The findings from this research provide insights on the stability of RE-C binaries that form in irradiated nuclear fuels and address a critical knowledge gap in the current state of thermodynamics for two key RE-C systems.

Cavazos, Steven J. (ORCID:0009000130329363)↗