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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 109 records · Page 6
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2026

High-Capacity Hydrogen and Hydrogen Isotope Getters

Hydrogen can quietly build up inside sealed devices and industrial systems, shortening equipment life and creating safety risks. Los Alamos National Laboratory has developed a new class of high-capacity hydrogen getters that permanently remove hydrogen before it causes damage. Compared with conventional getters, this technology stores more hydrogen, operates across a wider range of conditions, and can be manufactured in multiple forms for easy integration into commercial products.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Apparatus and method for three-dimensional metal printing

An apparatus and device for building an article by additive manufacturing or 3-D printing. The method includes feeding a supply of particulate slurry to and through a nozzle, such as including an integrated pump, to form a plurality of beads and layers of the slurry on a deposition surface, and ultimately forming a desirable article from the layers of deposited material. The liquid phase of the slurry is desirably removed by heat, and the deposited layers can be sintered or otherwise fused as needed.

Klett, James W.↗
DOE OSTI2022

Self-contained, automated, long-term sensor system for monitoring of soil and water nutrients in fields

An automated, fieldable ion-selective sensor system for frequent detection of nutrients in soils or water is set forth. In one aspect, an integrated small form-factor housing includes a battery, processor, a fluid manipulation unit and reservoirs, and a chemical species detection cell. A flow-through sampling head can be connected to the detection cell and a waste reservoir by flexible tubing sealingly connected at opposite ends of the tube. In one aspect, improved performance of the ion-selective sensor includes adding an ion-to-electron transfer interlayer between an ion-selective membrane and its working electrode. In one aspect, the sensor is solid-state and uses printed polymeric composite of POT-MoS$_{2}$. The use of a porous tube for a sampling head and fluid connection at opposite ends allows not only fluid to be removed from the head to the detection cell for measurement but also flow in an opposite direction and out to a waste reservoir to clean and reset for a next sample measurement.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Integrated silicon optical amplifier with reduced residual pump

An optical amplifier device employing a Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (MZI) that reduces the amount of residual pump power in the optical output of the amplifier is disclosed. The MZI amplifier employs two geometrically linear optical amplifier arms or two multi-spatial-mode racetrack optical amplifiers to amplify a signal with a pumping beam, with the signal output port having extremely low levels of residual pump power. The MZI optical amplifier is a silicon photonic integrated circuit, with all optical amplifiers, couplers, phase shifters, and optical attenuators formed of silicon photonic integrated circuit elements. The MZI optical amplifier may include one, two, or three MZI stages, and multiple MZI optical amplifiers may be used in parallel or sequentially to achieve higher overall signal gain or power. The MZI optical amplifier may employ Brillouin-scattering-based amplifiers, Raman-based integrated waveguide optical amplifiers, or Erbium-doped integrated waveguide optical amplifiers.

Lentine, Anthony L.↗
DOE OSTI2024

System and method for parallel two-photon lithography using a metalens array

A metalens array is disclosed for controllably modifying a phase of a wavefront of an optical beam. The metalens array may have a substrate having at least first and second metalens unit cells, and forming a single integrated structure with no stitching being required of the first and second metalens unit cells. The first metalens unit cell has a first plurality of nanoscale features and is configured to modify a phase of a first portion of a wavefront of an optical signal incident thereon in accordance with a first predetermined phase pattern to create at least one first focal voxel within an image plane. The second metalens unit cell has a second plurality of nanoscale features configured to modify the phase of a second portion of the wavefront of the optical signal incident thereon, in accordance with a second predetermined phase pattern, to simultaneously create at least one second focal voxel within the image plane. Each metalens unit cell also has an overall diameter of no more than about 200 microns.

Xia, Xiaoxing↗
DOE OSTI2020

Spectral form factors of clean and random quantum Ising chains

We compute the spectral form factor of two integrable quantum-critical many-body systems in one spatial dimension. The spectral form factor of the quantum Ising chain is periodic in time in the scaling limit described by a conformal field theory; we also compute corrections from lattice effects and deviation from criticality. Iin this work, criticality in the random Ising chain is described by rare regions associated with a strong randomness fixed point, and these control the long-time limit of the spectral form factor.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2021

Evaluation of gamma-ray transmission through rectangular collimator slits for application in nuclear fuel spectrometry

Gamma-ray spectrometry is widely applied in several science fields, and in particular in non-destructive gamma scanning and gamma emission tomography of irradiated nuclear fuel. Usually, a collimator is used in the experimental setup, to selectively interrogate a region of interest in the fuel. For the optimization of instrument design, as well as for planning measurement campaigns, predictive models for the transmitted gamma-ray intensity through the collimator are needed. Commonly, Monte Carlo Radiation Transport tools are used for accurate prediction of gamma-ray transport, however, the long computation time requirements when used in low-efficiency experimental setups present challenges. Here, the full-energy peak intensity transmitted through a rectangular collimator slit was examined. A uniform planar surface source emitting isotropically was considered, and the rate of photons reaching an ideal counter plane on the opposite side of the collimator was evaluated by analytical integration. To find a closed-form primitive function, some idealizations were required, and thereby parametric models were obtained for the optical field of view, dependent on slit dimensions (length, height and width) and source-to-collimator distance. For contributions from outside the optical field of view, where a closed-form expression cannot be found, fast numerical integral methods were instead used. The results were validated using the Monte Carlo code MCNP6 and show an agreement within three percent for the numerical method. For the analytical method, deviations up to tens of percent were obtained, which is deemed to still be sufficient for instrument design and measurement planning, where often the order of magnitude of the count rate is not a priori known. The method is planned for use in iterative optimization routines in the design of Gamma Emission Tomography devices, as well as for the prediction of gamma spectra obtained in the planning of fuel inspections. An application of the proposed method was demonstrated in spectrum prediction for a short cooling-time fuel rod test from the Halden reactor.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Metallo-graphene nanocomposites and methods for using metallo-graphene nanocomposites for electromagnetic energy conversion

Nanocomposites in accordance with many embodiments of the invention can be capable of converting electromagnetic radiation to an electric signal, such as signals in the form of current or voltage. In some embodiments, metallic nanostructures are integrated with graphene material to form a metallo-graphene nanocomposite. Graphene is a material that has been explored for broadband and ultrafast photodetection applications because of its distinct optical and electronic characteristics. However, the low optical absorption and the short carrier lifetime of graphene can limit its use in many applications. Nanocomposites in accordance with various embodiments of the invention integrates metallic nanostructures, such as (but not limited to) plasmonic nanoantennas and metallic nanoparticles, with a graphene-based material to form metallo-graphene nanostructures that can offer high responsivity, ultrafast temporal responses, and broadband operation in a variety of optoelectronic applications.

Jarrahi, Mona↗
DOE OSTI2020

Field-Scale Lysimeter Studies of Glass and Cementitious Waste Forms at the Hanford Site - 20392

The Hanford site Integrated Disposal Facility (IDF) will receive waste forms from vitrification activities at the Hanford Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant (WTP). The waste form inventory to be disposed of at the IDF will consist of vitrified low-activity waste (LAW) in glass forms and solidified (or encapsulated) secondary wastes in cementitious forms. The IDF is a near-surface burial facility located near Hanford's Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant in the 200 East Area of the site's Central Plateau. An extensive set of laboratory experimental data has been collected to support IDF performance assessment calculations of the eventual degradation of waste forms and mobility of contaminants. This paper describes the start of a field experiment to generate waste-form performance data on a larger scale (tens of centimeters), over a longer duration (five years or more), and under field conditions representative of the IDF. Results from this study are expected to improve model descriptions of contaminant mobility, reduce uncertainties about the representativeness of laboratory results in the IDF performance assessment, improve stakeholder confidence in the safe disposal of treated waste at the IDF, and facilitate the adoption of informed facility designs with the potential to reduce operational costs. A lysimeter test facility near Hanford's 200 West Area has been repurposed to carry out long-term assessments of waste forms buried in sediments excavated from the IDF. The waste forms are buried in large drainage lysimeters, open caissons that are two meters in diameter and three meters deep. Waste forms are buried in up to six locations in each lysimeter. Samplers collect pore water and drainage water beneath the waste forms and air from the pore space adjacent to waste forms. Sensors measure temperature, soil water content, soil water tension, and drainage flux. One lysimeter containing cementitious waste forms and one containing glass waste forms have been completed, along with a control lysimeter (without waste forms). The cementitious waste forms are Cast Stone grout formulations using a liquid secondary waste simulant and a generic Hanford high-salt simulant, as well as a hydrated lime-based grout formulation using a liquid secondary waste simulant. Technetium-99 and iodine-127 were added as tracers to monitor contaminant mobility. Glass waste forms were fabricated in two formulations (LAWA44 and ORLEC28), with rhenium and molybdenum tracers to monitor waste form degradation. The predicted performance of the waste forms in the lysimeters was modeled prior to installation to determine waste form size, tracer concentration/activity, and locations of sensors and samplers. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2024

Optical device having a light-emitting structure and a waveguide integrated capacitor to monitor light

Examples described herein relate to an optical device with an integrated light-emitting structure to generate light and a waveguide integrated capacitor to monitor light. The light-emitting structure may emit light upon the application of electricity to the optical device. The waveguide integrated capacitor may be formed under the light-emitting structure to monitor the light emitted by the light-emitting structure. The waveguide integrated capacitor includes a waveguide region carrying at least a portion of the light. The waveguide region includes one or more photon absorption sites causing the generation of free charge carriers relative to an intensity of the light confined in the waveguide region resulting in a change in the conductance of the waveguide region.

Srinivasan, Sudharsanan↗
DOE OSTI2024

Autonomous Inverter Controls for Resilient and Secure Grid Operation: Vector Control Design for Grid Forming

The project addresses both fundamental and practical challenges of GFM/GFL inverter control for the power grids with high inverter based resources (IBRs) penetration. A data- driven modeling technique is applied to accurately model dynamics of PWM inverters, including electromagnetic-transient (EMT). Systematic and integrative designs of grid- forming (GFM) and grid-following (GFL) primary controls are developed to guarantee system performance under either normal or abnormal operating conditions without violating constraints. This modeling and control framework provides black-start capability in case of an outage without relying on rotating generators, and its secondary control is also shown to enhance resilience against cyber-physical attacks.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2020

Modeling the Functional Forms of Grid Disturbances

This report introduces a functional form that may be used to quantitatively predict the impacts of new grid tools and changing system qualities on the likelihoods, durations, and depths of various grid disturbances. Each disturbance scenario is modeled to have three component stages—avoidance, reactance and recovery, which together parametrically estimate one disturbance’s impacts. The modeled scenario is then placed and replicated within an analysis period to represent the likelihood or frequency of the scenario and its consequent impacts. Whereas analysts have struggled to define and apply metrics for grid resilience, the functional form introduced by this report shares units of measurement with accepted grid-status measures (e.g., numbers of customers currently experiencing a service outage). Furthermore, the integrated and averaged functional form over an analysis period provides a meaningful normalized performance metric (e.g., customer outage minutes per year) that is ultimately independent of the duration of the period of. The approach may be applied similarly regardless of the severity or frequency of the disturbances that are being analyzed. Because metrics can be chosen to be identical in both the hypothetical future and the actual historical past, the historical past eventually becomes the test of the future predictions, at least in a statistical sense. The authors originally developed this approach to facilitate analysis of the effects of transactive energy (TE) systems effects on electric power grid resilience. TE systems invite energy suppliers and consumers to actively collaborate toward the discovery of, and their responses to, the locational value of energy. The findings from this process are often embodied as energy prices, the dynamics of which indicate the locational value of energy and can further represent important grid service needs. While some academic papers claim to quantify the value of a specific TE system design toward grid resilience, the answer, in general, has been elusive. Not only do multiple and conflicting definitions of resilience and reliability exist, but countless TE systems are being invented. We conclude the following: (1) The ideal analysis should harmonize rather than differentiate resilience and reliability. Therefore, this report uses the more general term disturbance whenever the overloaded terms resilience and reliability can be avoided. (2) The effectiveness of TE systems must be mapped to underlying qualities of a TE system, thereby avoiding presumptions that every TE design offers similar advantages. The authors seek to evaluate the parametric effects of TE system qualities (e.g., spatial granularity, granularity of time steps, length of future prediction horizon) on avoiding, reacting to, and recovering from grid disturbances. Furthermore, any advantages (or disadvantages) must be fairly compared with the many alternative tools, systems, and strategies that might offer comparable benefits.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2024

Pushing the Envelope-Moving Dynamic Building Envelope Thermal Energy Storage Systems Mainstream: Preprint

Buildings contribute to nearly 40% of the U.S. national energy consumption and a significant portion of CO2 emissions. More importantly, disadvantaged communities are disproportionately affected by energy burden and thermal discomfort in their homes. This paper will discuss two novel DOE's BTO supported thermal energy storage (TES) integrated dynamic building envelope technologies, their ability to harvest ambient energy, and improve energy efficiency by reducing HVAC loads and peak electricity demand while enhancing energy and thermal resilience in buildings. The paper will also discuss the recent advancements that have made these systems more affordable and easier to integrate into new and existing buildings. The first solution is a thermally anisotropic building envelope (TABE) system that can redirect ambient thermal energy (heat or coolness) from diurnal outdoor conditions, solar irradiance, and night sky radiation from the envelope to a hydronic loop. The redirected thermal energy can be stored in a TABE-integrated thermal energy storage system and use the stored energy to offset HVAC energy use and peak demand. The second solution is an innovative plug-and-play thermal switch in the form of insertable plugs integrated with a phase change material (PCM). The plug can vary its thermal resistance based on the indoor and outdoor conditions, thus allowing preferential directional heat flow, and enhancing utilization of free ambient cooling and heating to charge/discharge the PCM, much like a solid-state economizer. While the fist solution can be actively controlled, the second solution is passive, requiring no external power, and work solely based on the ambient temperature.

anisotropic envelope↗
DOE OSTI2024

Pushing the Envelope—Moving Dynamic Building Envelope Thermal Energy Storage Systems Mainstream

Buildings contribute to nearly 40% of the U.S. national energy consumption and a significant portion of CO2 emissions. More importantly, disadvantaged communities are disproportionately affected by energy burden and thermal discomfort in their homes. This paper will discuss two novel DOE's BTO supported thermal energy storage (TES) integrated dynamic building envelope technologies, their ability to harvest ambient energy, and improve energy efficiency by reducing HVAC loads and peak electricity demand while enhancing energy and thermal resilience in buildings. The paper will also discuss the recent advancements that have made these systems more affordable and easier to integrate into new and existing buildings. The first solution is a thermally anisotropic building envelope (TABE) system that can redirect ambient thermal energy (heat or coolness) from diurnal outdoor conditions, solar irradiance, and night sky radiation from the envelope to a hydronic loop. The redirected thermal energy can be stored in a TABE-integrated thermal energy storage system and use the stored energy to offset HVAC energy use and peak demand. The second solution is an innovative plug-and-play thermal switch in the form of insertable plugs integrated with a phase change material (PCM). The plug can vary its thermal resistance based on the indoor and outdoor conditions, thus allowing preferential directional heat flow, and enhancing utilization of free ambient cooling and heating to charge/discharge the PCM, much like a solid-state economizer. While the fist solution can be actively controlled, the second solution is passive, requiring no external power, and work solely based on the ambient temperature.

Shrestha, Som↗
DOE OSTI2024

Determination of Pion and Kaon Structure Using the Sullivan Process at Moderate to large Fractional Momentum

Significant progress has been made in describing the structure of hadrons in terms of Quantum ChromoDynamics (QCD) degrees of freedom. The recently developed framework of Generalized Parton Distribtions (GPDs) may provide the path towards three-dimensional imaging of the hadronic structure. Integrating the GPDs over the fractional momentum (x), the form factors are obtained which are integrally related to understanding the emergent hadron mass-generating mechanism (EHM) embedded in QCD and the mass-scale that characterizes the proton [Roberts (2016)]. The Sullivan process, in which one scatters electrons off the proton?s virtual meson cloud and thus creates a meson target, is used to probe this structure. Studies of kaon electroproduction offer unique opportunities in this. The last two decades saw a dramatic improvement in the precision of charged meson form factor data, and new results have become available on the transition form factor. The KaonLT experiment (E12-09-011) carried out in Hall C at Jefferson Lab (Jlab) was designed to measure longitudinal/transverse (L/T) separated kaon cross sections required to access form factors and GPDs [Bosted et al. (2008)]. KaonLT aimed to confirm the exclusive kaon electroproduction mechanism, which is essential for determining the kaon form factor and investigating GPDs. The results obtained from this experiment have provided the highest Q2 for L-T separated kaon electroproduction cross section, and it is the first time that a separated kaon cross-section measurement has been carried out above W = 2:2GeV.

Trotta, Richard↗
DOE OSTI2021

Interconnect architecture for three-dimensional processing systems

A processing system includes a plurality of processor cores formed in a first layer of an integrated circuit device and a plurality of partitions of memory formed in one or more second layers of the integrated circuit device. The one or more second layers are deployed in a stacked configuration with the first layer. Each of the partitions is associated with a subset of the processor cores that have overlapping footprints with the partitions. The processing system also includes first memory paths between the processor cores and their corresponding subsets of partitions. The processing system further includes second memory paths between the processor cores and the partitions.

Jayasena, Nuwan S.↗
DOE OSTI2023

Atomistic‐Level Effects of Noncovalent Interactions and Crystalline Packing for Organic Material Structural Integrity upon Exposure to Gamma Radiation

Developing an atomistic understanding of ionizing radiation induced changes to organic materials is necessary for intentional design of greener and more sustainable materials for radiation shielding and detection. Cocrystals are promising for these purposes, but a detailed understanding of how the specific intermolecular interactions within the lattice upon exposure to radiation affect the structural stability of the organic crystalline material is unknown. This study evaluates atomistic-level effects of γ radiation on both single- and multicomponent organic crystalline materials and how specific noncovalent interactions and packing within the crystalline lattice enhance structural stability. Dose studies were performed on all crystalline systems and evaluated via experimental and computational methods. Changes in crystallinity were evaluated by p-XRD and free radical formation was analyzed via EPR spectroscopy. Type of intermolecular interactions and packing within the crystal lattice was delineated and related to the specific free radical species formed and the structural integrity of each material. Periodic DFT and HOMO-LUMO surface mapping calculations provided atomistic-level identifications of the most probable sites for the radicals formed upon exposure to γ radiation and relate intermolecular interactions and molecular packing within the crystalline lattice to experimental results.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗