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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 109 records · Page 6
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Field-Aging Test Bed for Behind-the-Meter PV + Energy Storage

Small DC-coupled battery test systems are deployed at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory to evaluate capacity fade models and report on performance parameters such as round-trip efficiency under indoor and outdoor deployment scenarios. Initial commercial battery products include LG Chem RESU lithium-ion (Li-ion) and Avalon vanadium redox flow batteries. Adapting indoor lab-scale test methods to outdoor systems has challenges, including maintaining constant temperature and fully controlling batteries through standard discharge curves. Initial measurements show the Li-ion battery systems performing within expectations, near 85% round-trip efficiency. Initial lifetime modeling and measurements indicate that battery capacity could degrade by 20%-35% over 10 years at current rates.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2020

Wave Tank Testing Report for Controls Validation of a Heaving Point Absorber

The core objectives of this project is to improve the power capture of three different wave energy conversion (WEC) devices by more than 50% using an advanced control system and validate the attained improvements using wave tank and full scale testing. In parallel, we will bring along the development of a wave prediction system that is required to enable effective control and test it at full scale. The purposes of this report are to: 1. Plan and document the 1/25th scale device testing at the wave-tank facility; 2. Document the test article, setup and methodology, sensor and instrumentation, mooring, electronics, wiring, and data flow and quality assurance; 3. Communicate the testing results between the associated members; 4. Facilitate reviews that will help to ensure all aspects (risk, safety, testing procedures, etc.); 5. Provide a systematic guide to setting up, executing and decommissioning the experiment.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗
DOE OSTI2023

Valorisation of Wasted Immature Tomato to Innovative Fermented Functional Foods

In this study, the lactic fermentation of immature tomatoes as a tool for food ingredient production was evaluated as a circular economy-oriented alternative for valorising industrial tomatoes that are unsuitable for processing and which have wasted away in large quantities in the field. Two lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were assessed as starter cultures in an immature tomato pulp fermentation to produce functional food ingredients with probiotic potential. The first trial evaluated the probiotic character of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (LAB97, isolated from immature tomato microbiota) and Weissella paramesenteroides (C1090, from the INIAV collection) through in vitro gastrointestinal digestion simulation. The results showed that LAB97 and C1090 met the probiotic potential viability criterion by maintaining 6 log10 CFU/mL counts after in vitro simulation. The second trial assessed the LAB starters’ fermentative ability. Partially decontaminated (110 °C/2 min) immature tomato pulp was used to prepare the individually inoculated samples (Id: LAB97 and C1090). Non-inoculated samples, both with and without thermal treatment (Id: CTR-TT and CTR-NTT, respectively), were prepared as the controls. Fermentation was undertaken (25 °C, 100 rpm) for 14 days. Throughout storage (0, 24, 48, 72 h, 7, and 14 days), all the samples were tested for LAB and Y&M counts, titratable acidity (TA), solid soluble content (SSC), total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant capacity (AOx), as well as for organic acids and phenolic profiles, and CIELab colour and sensory evaluation (14th day). The LAB growth reached ca. 9 log10 CFU/mL for all samples after 72 h. The LAB97 samples had an earlier and higher acidification rate than the remaining ones, and they were highly correlated to lactic acid increments. The inoculated samples showed a faster and higher decrease rate in their SSC levels when compared to the controls. A nearly two-fold increase (p < 0.05) during the fermentation, over time, was observed in all samples’ AOx and TPC (p < 0.05, r = 0.93; similar pattern). The LAB97 samples obtained the best sensory acceptance for flavour and overall appreciation scores when compared to the others. In conclusion, the L. plantarum LAB97 starter culture was selected as a novel probiotic candidate to obtain a potential probiotic ingredient from immature tomato fruits.

Pereira, Nelson (ORCID:0000000345745615)↗
DOE OSTI2023

Enabling Entrained-Flow Gasification of Blends of Coal, Biomass and Plastics (Final Report)

This project demonstrated the technical feasibility of gasifying blends of coal, biomass and mixed waste plastics in a high pressure entrained-flow gasifier for production of hydrogen. This was achieved by creating slurries of coal, biomass pyrolysis liquids and liquefied plastic oil. Specific objectives of the project included (1) determining compositions of coal-biomass-plastic mixtures that produce a stable slurry suitable for pumping to high pressure, (2) designing and testing a novel burner to effectively atomize the mixed feedstock slurry in a pressurized gasifier, and (3) acquiring first-of-a-kind performance data for pressurized, oxygen-blown entrained-flow gasification of slurried blends of coal, biomass and plastic. A key focus of the project was preparation of mixtures of coal, biomass and plastic. To facilitate easy pumping to high pressure, slurries were created using (i) bioliquid resulting from a well-established rapid thermal treatment pyrolysis process, (ii) oil produced from waste plastic via an available thermal conversion process, and (iii) ground coal. Lab-scale tests were conducted to evaluate viscosity and stability/propensity for the mixtures to separate over time. Larger batches of the most promising slurry compositions were prepared and subjected to pumping studies. It was found that mixtures containing less than about 40% coal and less than about 30% plastic oil were stable and of low enough viscosity to facilitate pumping to high pressure. A high-performance hot oxygen burner (HOB) was designed and fabricated for use in an existing 1 ton/day pressurized entrained-flow gasifier. Ex-situ testing demonstrated that the HOB provides excellent atomization of the slurries and creates a very uniform and robust flame. Performance of the HOB in the gasifier was exceptional and resulted in better conversion to syngas than any previous generation of burner. Fabricating the HOB for this project was challenging due to the relatively small scale of the gasifier. Performance in larger-scale systems is expected to be even better. Gasification of mixtures of coal, bioliquid and plastic oil proved to be relatively easy. The gasifier was able to be started up, pressurized and transitioned to the blended slurry feedstock with no technical difficulty. Syngas rich in CO and H 2 , with relatively low concentrations of CO 2 , was produced. During startup and at low gasification temperatures, soot formation was observed, as is typical for gasification of petroleum-based feedstocks. No slag buildup was observed under the conditions tested. The project was successful in demonstrating the technical feasibility of the concept. Future development should broaden the range of feedstocks under consideration, more deeply explore performance of the gasifier, and evaluate scale-up and implementation strategies.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2021

Detailed Evaluation of Electric Demand Load Shifting Potential of Heat Pump Water Heaters

Future utilities will emphasize home appliances to reduce greenhouse gas emissions while providing electric load shifting and demand profile management. Heat pump water heaters (HPWH) have demonstrated the ability to cut water heating energy by more than 65% compared with conventional electric resistance waters (ERWH). Laboratory research was conducted on the load shifting potential of grid-connected heat pump water heaters (HPWH), compared to ERWHs. Testing applied different CTA-2045 command designs. Highly-controlled laboratory experiments were conducted on one ERWH and four HPWHs, including a prototype incorporating the new CTA-2045-B protocol feature allowing ‘advanced’ load up above the tank setpoint. The prototype unit with the B-protocol increased tank temperature by 15oF (8.3C) under the advanced load up providing an increase of 1.8 kWh of storage for a 50-gallon (189 liter) tank. The prototype includes a built-in mixing valve to meet anti-scalding codes. With the load-shaping ability of CTA-2045-B, utilities might be able to store excess renewable energy in connected tanks when renewable wind and solar resource production is high. Tests were performed under baseline conditions (no load shift) and under several load-shifting schemes, including load up and advanced load up, ahead of shed commands. Grid-connected HPWHs reduced peak demand by as much as 0.5 kW, depending on tank volume, time of day, control scheme, and draw profile.

heat pump water heater, Demand flexibility, load s↗
DOE OSTI2020

Pilot testing of CO2 capture from a coal-fired power plant—Part 2: Results from 1-MWe pilot tests

Abstract Using a 1-MWe slipstream pilot plant, solid-sorbent-based post-combustion CO2 capture was tested at a coal-fired power plant. Results from pilot testing were used to develop a preliminary full-scale commercial design. The sorbent selected for pilot-scale evaluation during this project consisted of an ion-exchange resin that incorporated amines covalently bonded to the substrate. A unique temperature-swing-absorption (TSA) process was developed that incorporated a three-stage fluidized-bed adsorber integrated with a single-stage fluidized-bed regenerator. Overall, following start-up and commissioning challenges that are often associated with first-of-a-kind pilots, the pilot plant operated as designed and expected, with a few key exceptions. The two primary exceptions were associated with: (i) handling characteristics of the sorbent, which were sufficiently different at operating temperature than at ambient temperature when design specifications were established with lab-scale testing; and (ii) CO2 adsorption in the transport line between the regenerator and adsorber that preloaded the sorbent with CO2 prior to entering the adsorber. Results from the pilot programme demonstrate that solid-sorbent-based post-combustion capture can be utilized to achieve 90% CO2 capture from coal-fired power plants.

Sjostrom, Sharon↗
DOE OSTI2025

Laboratory Testing and Performance Characterization of the High Efficiency Dehumidification System (HEDS) Technology

The high efficiency dehumidification system (HEDS) is a unique air handling unit (AHU) design with two water coils. Connected in series, these water coils can sensibly reheat the airstream after it is cooled and dehumidified, thereby mitigating (or sometimes eliminating) the need for conventional sensible reheat with additional energy from hot water, electric resistance or steam coils. Another unique design feature is the size of the HEDS primary cooling coil. While typical AHU cooling coils have a 6-row geometry, the HED's cooling coil has a deeper 10-row geometry enabling discharge air dew point temperatures at or below 55 degrees F despite warmer chilled water supply temperatures approaching (sometimes exceeding) 50 degrees F. The ability to meet acceptable discharge air dew points with warmer chilled water supply temperatures improves both operational efficiency and system resilience against chilled water plant operational or control issues. This report summarizes the 59 steady-state test results that form a comprehensive performance map of the HEDS technology including its reheat capability. The breadth of outdoor air conditions and flow rates over which the HEDS technology was tested and characterized encompasses the unit 1) operating as a dedicated outdoor air system or mixed air system and 2) controlled with constant air volume or variable air volume fan control.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2026

Development, Monitoring, and Control of Fracture Thermal Energy Storage (FTES) in Crystalline Rock Formations (DEMO-FTES) (CRADA Final Report)

The DEMO-FTES project sought to demonstrate the thermal efficiency of fracture thermal energy storage (FTES) through numerical simulations, laboratory and meso-scale field tests. A detailed dimensional and scaling analysis was performed to identify key parameters and how they can be most effectively scaled to the laboratory and decameter scale. Numerical models were developed and used for three purposes: 1. Before field experiments, numerical modelling can be used to estimate fracture properties based on previous data from the EGS Collab experiment and then predict thermal hydrological behaviors of the fracture system with hot water injection/withdrawal, therefore, help to design the experiments (e.g., to decide the duration of the cycles based on the flow rate the pump can provide, and the estimated fracture properties); 2. After the field experiment, to estimate the system properties during the experiment (as the size and shape of a fracture could change over time), and understand why system performance is different than what has been predicted, i.e., to help understand the meso-scale test; and, 3. To model the lab experiments and estimate fracture properties and storage efficiency. Ultimately, the experiment and numerical models could shed light on the processes and uncertainty happening during fracture activation and help understand the scaling between lab and field test, and finally, the design and optimization of potential fracture thermal energy storage systems.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Machine-Learning Assisted Identification of Battery Life Models

Predictive battery life models are commonly utilized to extrapolate degradation trends observed during accelerated aging tests for simulation of degradation in real-world applications. Thus, fitting accelerated aging data as accurately as possible and with low uncertainty is crucial for making believable projections of battery lifetime, but it is challenging to identify algebraic expressions that accurately fit multivariate degradation trends. A review of models published in literature reveal some common expressions for fitting calendar aging data, which is only dependent on temperature and state-of-charge, but no consistency across many models for fitting cycle aging data, indicating the need for a statistically rigorous data driven approach for developing empirical models. This talk will describe a machine-learning assisted method for identification of predictive battery life models utilizing bilevel optimization and symbolic regression. Bilevel optimization with cross-validation is used to statistically determine cell- and stress-dependent model parameters, while symbolic regression identifies both linear and multiplicative candidate expressions to predict stress-dependent degradation rates by selecting low-order subsets of features from a generated feature library. Because model expressions are identified empirically, it is crucial to ensure resulting models behave according to physical expectations, so the stability of models for interpolation or extrapolation is interrogated qualitatively through simulation and quantitatively through cross-validation and uncertainty quantification via bootstrap resampling. This model identification approach substantially improves upon models identified purely using expert judgement in terms of both accuracy and uncertainty. Model simulation and validation is then conducted by deriving a state-equation form of the predictive model, enabling simulation of battery aging under dynamic stresses. This enables validation of the predictive battery model on lab-based tests with varying conditions or on drive-cycle or application-cycle testing protocols. Parameter uncertainty can be carried forward into model simulation, giving lifetime estimates and confidence windows for cell- or system-level lifetime. The financial impact of battery model uncertainty can be estimated by incorporating uncertainty into a technoeconomic model.

battery↗
DOE OSTI2024

HERO WEC V1: Design and Experimental Data Collection Efforts

The Hydraulic and Electric Reverse Osmosis Wave Energy Converter (HERO WEC) is a research platform aimed at developing a modular, small-scale wave-powered desalination system for remote and disaster-response applications. Funded by the Department of Energy (DOE)'s Water Power Technologies Office (WPTO), the project aims to advance wave-powered desalination by developing and testing a small-scale, modular wave energy converter (WEC). The insights gained from this project will help guide the design and development of larger-scale wave energy devices as well as the integration of marine energy and reverse osmosis (RO) desalination. The HERO WEC was initially developed to derisk the Waves to Water prize, enabling the staff to practice WEC deployment and recovery, while optimizing installation protocols ologies, aiming to advance the broader fields of marine energy and water treatment.

13 HYDRO ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Tailored Micromagnet Sorting Gate for Simultaneous Multiple Cell Screening in Portable Magnetophoretic Cell‐On‐Chip Platforms

Abstract Conventional magnetophoresis techniques for manipulating biocarriers and cells predominantly rely on large‐scale electromagnetic systems, which is a major obstacle to the development of portable and miniaturized cell‐on‐chip platforms. Herein, a novel magnetic engineering approach by tailoring a nanoscale notch on a disk micromagnet using two‐step optical and thermal lithography is developed. Versatile manipulations are demonstrated, such as separation and trapping, of carriers and cells by mediating changes in the magnetic domain structure and discontinuous movement of magnetic energy wells around the circumferential edge of the micromagnet caused by a locally fabricated nano‐notch in a low magnetic field system. The motion of the magnetic energy well is regulated by the configuration of the nanoscale notch and the strength and frequency of the magnetic field, accompanying the jump motion of the carriers. The proposed concepts demonstrate that multiple carriers and cells can be manipulated and sorted using optimized nanoscale multi‐notch gates for a portable magnetophoretic system. This highlights the potential for developing cost‐effective point‐of‐care testing and lab‐on‐chip systems for various single‐cell‐level diagnoses and analyses.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Reference surface excess isotherms for carbon dioxide adsorption on ammonium ZSM-5 at various temperatures

Abstract This work is part of the effort at the Facility for Adsorbent Characterization and Testing (FACT lab) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to develop reference materials, reference data, and measurement best practices for adsorption metrology. High-pressure surface excess isotherms for CO 2 adsorption on NIST Reference Material 8852 (ammonium ZSM-5) at 15 °C, 25 °C, and 35 °C are reported, expanding on a FACT Lab-organized international interlaboratory study on this sorbent/sorbate pair at 20 °C. The range of temperatures of the present study is of interest for many CO 2 adsorption measurements and applications. Measurements were made using five different adsorption instruments, both manometric and gravimetric. Excellent agreement in the measured isotherms among the instruments was found. An empirical reference equation of the form, $${n}_{ex,ref}({P}_{eq})=\frac{c}{\{{1+\mathrm{exp}[\left(-\mathrm{ln}\left(P\right)+a\right)/b ]\}}^{b }} ,$$ n e x , r e f ( P eq ) = c { 1 + exp [ - ln P + a / b ] } b , [ n ex,ref is surface excess uptake (mmol/g); P eq is equilibrium pressure (MPa); P is ( P eq )/(1 MPa)]; a , b , c are constants] and the 95% uncertainty interval were determined for the isotherms at each of the temperatures. Lastly, the isosteric heat of adsorption is estimated from absolute isotherms derived from the surface excess reference data.

Nguyen, Huong Giang T. (ORCID:0000000210527565)↗
DOE OSTI2022

Techno-economic analysis of non-aqueous hybrid redox flow batteries

Renewable energy has become indispensable to improving human life, but its growth is hampered by a lack of cost-effective energy storage systems to solve the intermittency problem. Non-aqueous hybrid redox flow batteries (NAqHRFBs), based on lithium metal anode and organic redox molecules (redoxmers), have been investigated as an attractive energy storage option because of their high cell voltages and energy densities compared to other redox flow battery candidates. However, little is known about the economic potential of NAqHRFBs, as well as the operational and materials impacts. This research establishes a techno-economic model to analyze the capital costs of NAqHRFBs with selected organic redoxmers, including 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO). Sensitivity analyses for current density, area-specific resistance, cell voltage, electrolyte composition, redoxmer price, and equivalent molecular weight indicate the key factors in controlling NAqHRFB capital cost. To make the current NAqHRFB cost-effective, the first priority is to increase the operation current density over 10 times of those used in lab-scale tests, followed by adjusting redoxmer-related characteristics to afford more cost reduction space such as decreasing the unit price by ~20 fold. The results have shed light on potential material development and system engineering directions to make NAqHRFBs viable for renewable energy storage.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Status and performance of the GlueX DIRC

In support of the future physics program at Ce+BAF, we propose a prototype positron target. The prototype target consists of a tungsten disk mounted on a water-cooled copper support structure to enhance heat removal. The primary goals of this work are to benchmark CFD simulations, ensure vacuum integrity at the 10^-6 Pa level, achieve stable target rotation up to 10 Hz, and implement efficient water-based cooling for sustained high-power operation. To manage the thermal load, the target is designed to rotate, allowing the deposited heat to spread over a larger region, and thereby reducing localized thermal stress while maintaining the maximum temperature below 1000 K. To experimentally evaluate the thermal performance and structural stability of the target, we plan to conduct high-power laser heating tests at Laser Lab 5, LERF Building, JLab. These tests will serve as a stepping-stone for the positron production target at CEBAF.

Stevens, J.R. [College of William and Mary, Willia↗
DOE OSTI2020

Annual LDRD Report (FY2019)

The performance of Nuclear Deterrence (ND) systems could be improved by adopting advanced commercial CMOS technologies. However, the radiation hardness of these ND systems must be assured. This project quantified dose rate upset thresholds, allowing us to evaluate whether advanced commercial technologies can be used in rad hard applications. This project also evaluated the susceptibility of advanced commercial technologies to neutron displacement damage and single event effects, and developed hardness assurance methods. As a result of this work, Sandia is now collaborating more closely with DoD agencies and their contractors to understand and improve the radiation hardness of advanced commercial technologies. Sandia Capabilities (SPHINX, lon Beam Lab, FPGA test capabilities) were developed and are being utilized by other programs. Staff were trained to do radiation survivability testing and developed proposals that were funded. Internal and external collaborations and partnerships were developed, including with Georgia Tech. This project received the Best Paper award at the 2019 Hardened Electronics And Radiation Technology (HEART) Conference.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Utility of Big Area Additive Manufacturing for Part Production for Low-Head Hydropower (CRADA NFE-18-07280 Final Report)

ORNL worked with Cadens, LLC, to explore the use of additive manufacturing (AM) to produce low-cost parts for low-head hydropower systems. Cadens develops design optimization software that leverages the flexible, low-cost, high-strength benefits of AM and composite materials. Cadens also operates a micro-hydro lab to test AM components in controlled environments. Until now, Cadens’ tests have been limited to components of a size that they can cost-effectively manufacture using local commercial systems. This project provided an opportunity for Cadens to scale up their modular AM hydropower parts using the capabilities of Big Area Additive Manufacturing (BAAM). This project was a success and resulted in the design and fabrication of several end-use parts of a hydropower system, using a Big Area Additive Manufacturing (BAAM) system. The fabricated parts include a draft tube, thimble, runner housing mold, PVC end fitting and two PVC pipe supports. In addition, a runner system was fabricated using fused deposition modeling on a 3D Platform Workbench 400 Series System.

13 HYDRO ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2020

Cooperative Research and Development Agreement between National Energy Technology Laboratory and Pyrochem Catalyst Company [Abstract]

A catalytic converter is a key enabling technology for more advanced engine technologies to meet the more stringent fuel economy and emission standards of the future, particularly the requirement to treat emissions formed during a cold start (which account for between 60-80% of total emissions). As internal combustion engine technology is expected to remain a dominant force in the market, new and innovative catalyst technologies are needed with low temperature activity to reduce exhaust pollutants by 90% at temperatures as low as 150°C, with a performance lifetime that exceeds 150,000 miles of driving. Considering current catalyst technology only starts to convert pollutants at 200°C, the challenge is significant. Pyrochem Catalyst Company (PCC) has developed a promising PyroCatTM pyrochlore catalyst technology (that incorporates an NETL technology licensed by PCC), which has shown activity better than current state of the art and approaching the 150°C target. NETL and PCC will collaborate to transition PyroCatTM from lab-scale testing to commercialization through the generation of a commercially representative monolith catalyst that can be sent to automotive companies and catalyst manufacturers to validate in their reactor systems.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Integrated Heat Exchanger-Phase Change Material Thermal Energy Storage System

The purpose of this study is to experimentally investigate the thermal performance of an innovative thermal energy storage (TES) system that combines the advantages of the phase-change material (PCM)/graphite foam latent heat TES medium developed at Argonne National Laboratory (Argonne) and the internally supported plate-fin (ISPE) cell architecture heat transfer fluid (HTF) flow channels developed at Brayton Energy (Brayton). Several essential tasks were accomplished: (1) Thermal property characterization. Thermal properties of the graphite foam were characterized, providing necessary data for experimental result analysis and numerical simulation. (2) Design and optimization of lab-scale test module. Based on Brayton’s full-scale heat exchanger (HX)-TES system, the experimental test module was designed, optimized, and fabricated. (3) Thermal performance testing and data analysis. Five cycle tests were successfully conducted—including one with approximately 3.5 psig of pressure applied to the diaphragms—to investigate the thermal performance of the experimental test module for charging and discharging. Temperature profiles were generated for each charging test and discharging test as a function of time. The temperature profiles clearly show three TES stages: sensible heat (temperature increase), latent heat (melting), and sensible heat (temperature increase) for the charging process. Similarly, the temperature profiles clearly show three thermal energy release stages: sensible heat (temperature decrease), latent heat (solidification), and sensible heat (temperature decrease). Melting and solidification of the PCM generally occurred in relatively narrow temperature ranges, indicated by the flattened temperature regions in the temperature profiles. These phase changes ranged approximately 3°C for melting and 3.5°C for solidification. The charging and discharging temperature profiles were similar for similar experimental parameter tests whether or not pressure was applied to the diaphragm to eliminate the gap between the HX surface and the TES subsystem. This indicates that the effect of a small gap between the HX surface and the TES subsystem is insignificant for charging and discharging. (4) Comparison of experimental data and simulation results. We compared the experimental data to the numerical simulation results. Numerical simulations were conducted by using the ANSYS FLUENT 2019 R3 commercial computational fluid dynamics software. The predicted phase-change times agreed reasonably well with those from the experimental data. In most cases, the estimated time differences between the relative phase changes were within 16%. The predicted start and end times for the charging process agreed well with those from the experimental data. However, the simulation results showed earlier start and end times than the experimental data for the discharging process. Overall, the experimental data and its comparison with the simulation predictions verified the technical viability of the integrated ISPF HX-PCM/graphite foam latent-heat TES system.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗