XML Technology Enables Redesigned Deep Space Network Operations
NASA's Deep Space Network (DSN) provides telecommunication support for all NASA missions.
XML application integration DSN operations↗
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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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The Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS): A New Operational Sensor Series
ATMS is a new satellite microwave sounding sensor designed to provide operational weather agencies with atmospheric temperature and moisture profile information for global weather forecasting and climate applications. ATMS will continue the microwave sounding capabilities first provided by its predecessors, the Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) and Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU). The first ATMS was launched October 28, 2011 on board the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (S-NPP) satellite. Microwave soundings by themselves are the highest-impact input data used by Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models; and ATMS, when combined with the Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS), forms the Cross-track Infrared and Microwave Sounding Suite (CrIMSS). The microwave soundings help meet NWP sounding requirements under cloudy sky conditions and provide key profile information near the surface
Kim, Edward↗
Integration of Automation Systems Flight Test Overview
This short presentation outlines an upcoming flight test to be performed as part of the Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) project. Referred to as the Integration of Automated Systems (IAS) flight test series, the objectives are to evaluate NASA research concepts and technologies for complex operations through integrated automation and candidate operational concepts and scenarios. The primary objective is to test mature AAM technologies in a relevant environment. The two primary systems under test are the Flight Path Management (FPM) and Hazard Perception and Avoidance (HPA) technology. This presentation focuses on the HPA technology developed by the FAA known as the Airborne Collision Avoidance System X for Rotorcraft (ACAS Xr) since the audience consists of committee members currently working on developing the minimum requirements for this system. The second half of the presentation explains the primary objectives and describes the scenarios expected to be tested in flight.
automation↗
Dynamic Model-Based Digital Twin, Optimization, and Control Technologies for Improving Flexible Power Plant Operations
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Flexible Power Plant Operations, Digital Twins, Op↗
Study of Seamless Microgrid Transition Operation Using Grid-Forming Inverters
This paper investigates operational techniques to achieve seamless (smooth) microgrid (MG) transitions by dispatching a grid-forming (GFM) inverter. In traditional approaches, the GFM inverter must switch between grid-following (GFL) and GFM control modes during MG transition operation. Today's inverter technology allows GFM inverters to always operate in GFM control mode, so it is worth exploring how to use them to achieve smooth MG transition operation. This paper proposes three operational techniques: a traditional scheme of switching between GFL and GFM control; a new scheme of consistent GFM control and shifting the droop intercept up before islanding operation; and a new scheme of consistent GFM control and shifting the droop intercept up before synchronization operation. A full hardware setup is established to compare the three techniques and showcase their implementations in real-world applications. The results show that the third technique outperforms the others and exhibits the best transition performance because the GFM inverter maintains the same operating points during the transition operation. Therefore, we conclude that ensuring smooth MG transition operation requires that the GFM inverter(s) maintain the same operating points (v, f, P, Q, and phase angle) during the transition operation in addition to minimizes the point of common coupling power flow.
grid-forming↗
Study of Seamless Microgrid Transition Operation Using Grid-Forming Inverters: Preprint
This paper investigates operational techniques to achieve smooth microgrid (MG) transitions by dispatching the grid-forming (GFM) inverter. In traditional approaches, the GFM inverter must switch between grid-following (GFL) and GFM control mode during MG transition operation. Today's inverter technology allows GFM inverters to always operate in GFM control mode, so it is worthy to explore how to use them to achieve smooth MG transition operation. This paper proposes three operational techniques: a traditional scheme of switching between GFL and GFM control; a new scheme of consistent GFM control and shifting the droop intercept up before islanding operation; and a new scheme of consistent GFM control and shifting the droop intercept up before synchronization operation. A full hardware setup is established to compare the three techniques and showcase their implementations in real-world applications. As expected, the third technique outperforms the others and exhibits the best transition performance because the GFM inverter maintains the same operating points during the transition operation. Therefore, we conclude that ensuring smooth MG transition operation requires the GFM inverter(s) to maintain the same operating points (v, f, P, Q, and phase angle) during the transition operation in addition to minimizes the point of common coupling power flow.
grid-following control↗
Technology Maintenance Readiness Guide for Zero-Emission Buses: A Guide for Bus Fleet Operators
The National Renewable Energy Laboratory has developed a technology maintenance readiness level (TMRL) guide for advanced technology vehicle fleets to help fleet operators (such as transit agencies) assess their readiness level to maintain new zero-emission buses. This guide mirrors a technology readiness level guide, but it focuses on the ability of the fleet operator to maintain and repair the advanced vehicle technology rather than defining the commercial readiness of the technology itself.
30 DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION↗
Transfer of terrestrial technology for lunar mining
The functions, operational procedures, and major items of equipment that comprise the terrestrial mining process are characterized. These data are used to synthesize a similar activity on the lunar surface. Functions, operations, and types of equipment that can be suitably transferred to lunar operation are identified. Shortfalls, enhancements, and technology development needs are described. The lunar mining process and what is required to adapt terrestrial equipment are highlighted. It is concluded that translation of terrestrial mining equipment and operational processes to perform similar functions on the lunar surface is practical. Adequate attention must be given to the harsh environment and logistical constraints of the lunar setting. By using earth-based equipment as a forcing function, near- and long-term benefits are derived (i.e., improved terrestrial mining in the near term vis-a-vis commercial production of helium-3 in the long term.
Hall, Robert A.↗
Applicability of Digital Flight to the Operations of Self-Piloted Unmanned Aircraft Systems in the National Airspace System
Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) hold great promise for a new era of specialized missions, including personal air transportation, cargo flight operations, aerial surveys, inspections, firefighting and more. The anticipated market growth is significant. To unlock its scalability and incumbent benefits requires a human to oversee multiple flights simultaneously, focusing on multi-vehicle mission management and relinquishing to autonomous systems their active role in controlling the aircrafts’ flight paths. Key to the realization of these scalability benefits is minimally-encumbered access to the National Airspace System (NAS), which poses some unique challenges for self-piloted UAS aircraft operations. These include the requirement for compatibility with existing airspace structures and operations including Visual Flight Rules (VFR) and Instrument Flight Rules (IFR), neither of which were developed to accommodate the unique needs and capabilities of UAS. This paper explores the applicability of Digital Flight to the operations of self-piloted UAS. As proposed by NASA, Digital Flight is a flight operations capability, enabled by a set of cooperative procedures and digital technologies, in which flight operators ensure flight-path safety through automated separation and flight path management in lieu of visual procedures and Air Traffic Control separation services. Flights operating under potentially-forthcoming rules of Digital Flight employ advanced automation technologies, information sharing, connectivity to operational data, and cooperative behaviors through distributed decision-making to maintain safety and achieve mission objectives. Designed for integration with VFR and IFR operations in shared NAS airspace, potentially as a third set of flight rules, Digital Flight may provide the mechanism for UAS operators – and all aircraft operators – to scale and diversify their operations beyond what is achievable under current regulations.
DFR↗
Hanford Tank Waste Technology Development Integration and Innovation Synergy
The Chief Technology Office (CTO) within Hanford Tank Waste Operations & Closure (H2C) identifies technology development needs and develops solutions for tank waste treatment. One key element of the technology development (TD) program is the annual Technology Development Integrated Coordination (TDIC) meeting series. The main goal of these meetings is to inform the National Laboratories and other entities of the needs identified by the end users of the technology. In turn, the meetings provide an opportunity for National Laboratories and others to provide insight into potential solutions. This dynamic facilitates dialogues that frequently identify not only new, innovative approaches, but also enhancements to ongoing technology development projects.
12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
Demand Response in Bangalore: Implications for Electricity System Operations
Recent Greening the Grid studies for India highlight the benefits of flexible resources for integrating variable renewable energy onto India’s electricity system. India’s ambitious renewable energy targets, which are particularly focused on renewable resource states such as Karnataka, will face fewer challenges when combined with new planning and operational strategies and technologies. This report explores one such strategy - demand response - by which the system operator shifts load throughout a day to minimize system wide production costs. To explore this strategy, we added demand response resources to Karnataka’s electricity system in a production cost model of India, using load shifting potential analyzed by Lawrence Berkeley National Labs. We then investigated the impacts of increasing demand response capacity under several renewable resource scenarios. Our results show the addition of demand response enables fuel shifting from high-marginal-cost and emissions-intensive subcritical coal and diesel generation to zero-marginal-cost and emissions-free renewable generation. Accordingly, the value that demand response provides to the system increases as the renewable penetration increases. In addition to reducing production costs and emissions, demand response reduces the time that thermal generators spend at their minimum output levels, which typically represents a less efficient and costlier operational state. Agricultural load shifting provides greater value to the system than residential, commercial, or industrial loads. Agricultural demand response is more flexible than other sectors because it is not exposed to subdaily operational constraints and it can operate for more hours per day without impacting customer satisfaction. Further, the first increment of demand response that is added to a system provides the greatest value; further additions provide additional benefits but have a decreasing impact. The insights we discuss could be leveraged by system planners and operators in other jurisdictions, particularly those facing significant renewable energy penetrations, to develop their own demand response programs.
29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
Parallel Aircraft Trajectory Optimization with Analytic Derivatives
Trajectory optimization is an integral component for the design of aerospace vehicles, but emerging aircraft technologies have introduced new demands on trajectory analysis that current tools are not well suited to address. Designing aircraft with technologies such as hybrid electric propulsion and morphing wings requires consideration of the operational behavior as well as the physical design characteristics of the aircraft. The addition of operational variables can dramatically increase the number of design variables which motivates the use of gradient based optimization with analytic derivatives to solve the larger optimization problems. In this work we develop an aircraft trajectory analysis tool using a Legendre-Gauss-Lobatto based collocation scheme, providing analytic derivatives via the OpenMDAO multidisciplinary optimization framework. This collocation method uses an implicit time integration scheme that provides a high degree of sparsity and thus several potential options for parallelization. The performance of the new implementation was investigated via a series of single and multi-trajectory optimizations using a combination of parallel computing and constraint aggregation. The computational performance results show that in order to take full advantage of the sparsity in the problem it is vital to parallelize both the non-linear analysis evaluations and the derivative computations themselves. The constraint aggregation results showed a significant numerical challenge due to difficulty in achieving tight convergence tolerances. Overall, the results demonstrate the value of applying analytic derivatives to trajectory optimization problems and lay the foundation for future application of this collocation based method to the design of aircraft with where operational scheduling of technologies is key to achieving good performance.
aircraft↗
IBR Digital Supply Chain Gap Analysis and Recommendations
The adoption of clean energy technologies, including solar photovoltaics, continues to introduce non-traditional stakeholders to the operations and planning of the electric system. Stakeholders such as manufacturers, vendors, owners, aggregators, and others are enabling the adoption, integration, and optimum operations of solar technologies at accelerated rates. Inverters form the foundation of many digitally controlled energy sources for clean energy technologies, including Solar, Battery Energy Storage Systems, Hybrid Systems, and Hydrogen Fuel Cells. Their supply chain is complex, a series of microchips, electronic switches and other components making up its primary functions. The complexity of this space and the growing digitization associated with these components can create supply chain cyber risks. One measure to mitigate cybersecurity attacks is proper digital supply chain security. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Solar Energy Technologies Office (SETO), in partnership with the Cybersecurity, Energy, Security, and Emergency Response (CESER) office, is hosting a workshop to bring together solar vendors and services providers to discuss digital supply chain security for solar systems and challenges and opportunities in the transitioning to a fully domestic supply chain for solar energy in the U.S. This workshop will support the Securing Solar for the Grid (S2G) and Energy Cyber Sense program activities. During the workshop, industry experts and researchers from DOE National Laboratories will discuss the current solar supply chain landscape and the transition to domestic manufacturing of solar components in the U.S. Tools and techniques to better manage and secure the digital supply chain of solar devices and systems will be discussed.
cybersecurity↗
A Multilevel Approach To Addressing Emerging Technologies In Nuclear Security
Emerging technologies present a unique set of challenges to operators and regulators. Although emerging technologies can be used to strengthen nuclear security systems, they also can increase risks to nuclear facilities. The disruptive nature of emerging technologies could also leave operators unprepared for threats to nuclear materials or facilities. To address the potentially dangerous consequences associated with these innovations, strong adaptive mechanisms and international cooperation on threat mitigation and technological integration are vital. This paper examines the nuclear security implications of emerging technologies from an institutional (as opposed to technology-specific) perspective. Drawing on insights from a recent workshop series hosted by the Stimson Center and the National Nuclear Security Administration’s Office of Global Material Security, as well as research funded by Global Material Security and separate research conducted by Stimson, the paper begins with a definition of emerging technology that bounds the scope of the problem while leaving some margin for expert interpretation. The subsequent sections highlight the challenges as well as potential benefits that these technologies pose at each level of the nuclear security establishment, from the operators of sites hosting radiological or nuclear material, to regulators and national policy makers, to international institutions. Each section also includes specific recommendations for incorporating emerging technologies into radiological and nuclear security planning.
Andrews, Ian↗
Research and technology 1991 annual report
As the NASA Center responsible for assembly, checkout, servicing, launch, recovery, and operational support of Space Transportation System elements and payloads, NASA Kennedy is placing increasing emphasis on the center's research and technology program. In addition to strengthening those areas of engineering and operations technology that contribute to safer, more efficient, and more economical execution of the current mission, the technical tools are being developed which are needed to execute the center's mission relative to future programs. The Engineering Development Directorate encompasses most of the labs and other center resources that are key elements of research and technology program implementation and is responsible for implementation of the majority of the projects in this Kennedy Space Center 1991 annual report.
Source record↗
Enhanced Vision Flight Deck Technology for Commercial Aircraft Low-Visibility Surface Operations
NASA Langley Research Center and the FAA collaborated in an effort to evaluate the effect of Enhanced Vision (EV) technology display in a commercial flight deck during low visibility surface operations. Surface operations were simulated at the Memphis, TN (FAA identifier: KMEM) air field during nighttime with 500 Runway Visual Range (RVR) in a high-fidelity, full-motion simulator. Ten commercial airline flight crews evaluated the efficacy of various EV display locations and parallax and mini cation effects. The research paper discusses qualitative and quantitative results of the simulation experiment, including the effect of EV display placement on visual attention, as measured by the use of non-obtrusive oculometry and pilot mental workload. The results demonstrated the potential of EV technology to enhance situation awareness which is dependent on the ease of access and location of the displays. Implications and future directions are discussed.
Arthur, Jarvis J., III↗
Communication breakdown: Energy efficiency recommendations to address the disconnect between building operators and occupants
As technology advances, progressive building performance goals are met with ease and occupant behavior plays an increasingly significant role in preventing building operators from achieving those goals. However, removing occupants from participating in building control and operation is counterintuitive to the purpose of building operation. Occupant-centric control (OCC) has been suggested as a means of incorporating the occupant while simultaneously reducing the negative impact their behavior can have on building performance. As a result, operators are now tasked with incorporating OCC into their daily operation. The relationship between building occupants and operators is a critical component to OCC, and balancing occupant comfort and building performance. In this paper, we present findings from an international qualitative study of building operators with a focus on the operator and occupant relationship. This paper identifies the role operators play in OCC, how these relationships develop, and how these relationships impact building operation through two key research questions: What factors influence the quality of relationships between occupants and operators? How can the relationships between operators and occupants be improved? Subsequently, these questions revealed this relationship becomes strained when building performance is prioritized over comfort, occupants are ignored or uneducated, and feedback is negative or sparse. In short: there is a disconnection between operators and occupants. Here we propose several solutions including modifying job requirements to prioritize occupant comfort, educating occupants to make autonomous decisions that are not detrimental to operation, and creating effective communication channels for instances where operator intervention is required.
32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
Status Report on FY2022 Model Development within the Integrated Energy Systems HYBRID Repository
This publication details newly created energy storage models developed within the HYBRID Modelica repository as part of the Department of Energy Office of Nuclear Energy (DOE-NE) Integrated Energy Systems (IES) program, led by Idaho National Laboratory (INL). Model development to-date includes creation of dynamic systems-level models of a pebble bed high temperature gas reactor (HTGR), liquid air energy storage (LAES), and compressed air energy storage (CAES) in the IES-based HYBRID repository. Models are developed using the latest publicly available data and incorporate the possibility of control strategy inclusion for use with the existing IES modeling, analysis, and optimization toolset. Simulations showcase the abilities of each technology to flexibly operate in ways consistent with IES operation expectations. When these models are available, they can be utilized within different integrated energy park concepts to understand optimal system operation, control, and dispatching. Moreover, given the generic nature of the models, industrial partner technologies can be quickly added to the repository using the existing models as a basis. Additional dynamic models for thermal energy storage concepts can be developed and added to the HYBRID repository as needed.
22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗