The CARD Study - What is its impact
Civil aviation research and development policy review covering aircraft noise, congestion, ATC, runway capacity and airport development problems
Syvertson, C. A.↗
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Study of the application of advanced technologies to long range transport aircraft. Volume 2: Advanced technology program recommendations
The benefits of the application of advanced technology to future transport aircraft were investigated. The noise reduction goals established by the CARD (Civil Aviation Research and Development) study for the 1981-1985 time period can be satisfied. Reduced terminal area and airway congestion can result from use of advanced on-board systems and operating procedures. The use of advanced structural design concepts can result in greatly reduced gross weight and improved operating economics. The full potential of these benefits can be realized in a 1985 airplane by implementing a research and development program that is funded to an average level of approximately $55 million per year over a ten year period.
Source record↗
Fatigue failure of metal components as a factor in civil aircraft accidents
A review of records maintained by the National Transportation Safety Board showed that 16,054 civil aviation accidents occurred in the United States during the 3-year period ending December 31, 1969. Material failure was an important factor in the cause of 942 of these accidents. Fatigue was identified as the mode of the material failures associated with the cause of 155 accidents and in many other accidents the records indicated that fatigue failures might have been involved. There were 27 fatal accidents and 157 fatalities in accidents in which fatigue failures of metal components were definitely identified. Fatigue failures associated with accidents occurred most frequently in landing-gear components, followed in order by powerplant, propeller, and structural components in fixed-wing aircraft and tail-rotor and main-rotor components in rotorcraft. In a study of 230 laboratory reports on failed components associated with the cause of accidents, fatigue was identified as the mode of failure in more than 60 percent of the failed components. The most frequently identified cause of fatigue, as well as most other types of material failures, was improper maintenance (including inadequate inspection). Fabrication defects, design deficiencies, defective material, and abnormal service damage also caused many fatigue failures. Four case histories of major accidents are included in the paper as illustrations of some of the factors invovled in fatigue failures of aircraft components.
Holshouser, W. L.↗
Propulsion system for research VTOL transports
In anticipation of an eventual VTOL requirement for civil aviation, NASA has been conducting studies directed toward determining and developing the technology required for a commercial VTOL transport. In this paper, the commercial transport configurations are briefly reviewed; the propulsion system specifications and components developed by the engine study contractor are presented and described; and methods for using the lift-propulsion system for aircraft attitude control are discussed.
Gertsma, L. W.↗
Development of the Air Transport Industry
The major developments are outlined in the U.S. scheduled air transport industry both domestic and international, together with a brief history of the European air transport system. The role and formulation of the U.S. Civil Aeronautics Board, International Civil Aviation Organization, and International Air Transport Association are also covered.
Taneja, N.↗
World Air Travel Demand, 1950-1980
Total world scheduled air passenger traffic carried by the airlines of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), excluding the U.S.S.R., increased from 17.4 billion passenger miles in 1950 to 237.4 billion in 1970. This represents an average annual growth rate of 14% during the past two decades. The U.S.S.R. became a member of ICAO in 1970, and Aeroflot - the only Russian airline - reported 49 billion passenger miles for 1970. This traffic, which encompasses both domestic and international travel as well as some nonscheduled flights, is not included in the ICAO world totals shown in this report.
Sarames, G. N.↗
Third Level Air Carrier Service
A proposed Civil Aviation Board approach to regulating commuter air transportation services is discussed. Operating problems of specific air lines are used as examples. Inadequacies in the present service for short haul commuter air transportation are defined. Methods by which improvements in the commuter air transport service are proposed.
Eads, G. C.↗
Propulsion system for research VTOL transports.
In anticipation of an eventual VTOL requirement for civil aviation, NASA has been conducting studies directed toward determining and developing the technology required for a commercial VTOL transport. The commercial transport configurations of such a VTOL transport are briefly reviewed, the propulsion system specifications and components developed by the engine study contractor are presented and described, and methods for using the lift-propulsion system for aircraft attitude control are discussed.
Gertsma, L. W.↗
Revised tables of airspeed, altitude, and Mach number presented in the International system of units
Because inception of a national program to implement the International System of Units (SI) appears to be inevitable and imminent, the tables of airspeed, altitude, and Mach number prepared by Livingston and Gracey to serve for airspeed meter and altimeter calibrations and for the conversion of flight measurements of these quantities to related parameters - Mach number, true airspeed, equivalent airspeed, etc. - have been revised to the SI. Tables of airspeed in knots are also included because of the significance of this quantity in navigation. In addition, the data in the altitude tables have been revised to the U.S. Standard Atmosphere of 1962. The latter data reflect increased knowledge of the higher atmosphere and more precise determination of basic quantities, including the redefinition of the absolute thermodynamic temperature scale by the Tenth General Conference on Weights and Measures in 1954. The U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1962, corresponds to the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Standard Atmosphere up to 20 kilometers (geopotential altitude). A table of conversion factors for various pressure units is presented in SI Units.
Benner, M. S.↗
Investigation of the reactions of skin panels in relation to duration of acoustical loading
Certain characteristics of the reactions of typical skin panels of a passenger aircraft to acoustical loading are being investigated, for development of an objective method of diagnostics for skin condition, under the operations and maintenance sections of civil aviation. There are a number of difficulties connected with the solution of this problem. The reactions of skin panels exposed to the noises of the exhaust jets are dependent on the aircraft operating conditions, the geometric parameters and limiting conditions of the panels.
Kvitka, V. Y.↗
The long term energy problem and aeronautics
The projected increase in energy consumption by transportation in general and civil aviation in particular is directly opposed to the dwindling supplies of natural petroleum crude oil currently used to produce aircraft fuels. This fact dictates the need to develop even more energy conservative aircraft and propulsion systems than are currently available and to explore the potential of alternative fuels to replace the current petroleum derived hydrocarbons. Advances in technology are described in the areas of improved component efficiency, aircraft and engine integration, control systems, and advanced lightweight materials that are needed to maximize performance and minimize fuel usage. Also, improved turbofan and unconventional engine cycles which can provide significant fuel usage reductions are described. These advancements must be accomplished within expected environmental constraints such as noise and pollution limits. Alternative fuels derived from oil shale and coal are described, and the possible technological advancements needed to use these fuels in aircraft engines are discussed and evaluated with relation to potential differences in fuel characteristics.
Rudey, R. A.↗
NASA's role in aeronautics
NASA civil aviation research efforts in regard to noise reduction, development of very quiet engines, fuel conservation, and aircraft efficiency and safety are outlined. Specific projects discussed include the supercritical wing program, the fly-by-wire control system, the modified JT8D jet engine, the two-segment noise abatement landing procedure, the general aviation safety program, the GAW-1 low speed airfoil, the Army/NASA tilt rotor flight research project, and the remotely piloted research vehicle program.
Jones, J. L.↗
Air transportation beyond the 1980's
An oral preview of the air transportation sections of the NASA Outlook for Aeronautics study report is presented. Now published, the study report covers military as well as civil aviation and also discusses the role of NASA in support of future developments. The study is based largely on inputs from industry, universities, and other government agencies.
Kayten, G. G.↗
Air transportation beyond the 1980's
This work is a preview of the air transportation sections of the NASA 'Outlook for Aeronautics' study report (1976). Attention is given to future directions and opportunities for civil aviation taking account of economic and demographic factors, and resources. Technical objectives for the period 1976-1985 are summarized with consideration of research in the low-speed, high-speed, and long-range flight regimes.
Kayten, G. G.↗
Potential applications of advanced aircraft in developing countries
An investigation sponsored by NASA indicates that air transportation can play an important role in the economic progress of developing countries. By the turn of the century, the rapid economic growth now occurring in many developing countries should result in a major redistribution of the world's income. Some countries now classified as 'developing' will become 'developed' and are likely to become far more important to the world's civil aviation industry. Developing countries will be increasingly important buyers of conventional subsonic long-haul jet passenger aircraft but not to the point of significant influence on the design or technological content of future aircraft of this type. However, the technological content of more specialized aircraft may be influenced by developing country requirements and reflected in designs which fill a need concerning specialized missions, related to short-haul, low-density, rough runways, and natural resource development.
Maddalon, D. V.↗
FAA global positioning system program
An overview of the FAA global positioning system (GPS) program is presented. The program's emphasis is on the potential applications of the system to civil aviation. The program is examined in relation to investigations of low cost equipment technology and potential improvements and/or modifications to the system. GPS program concerns such as the signal to noise ratio of the satellites, the system performance, and the cost/performance considerations are discussed. Requirements for an ideal receiver to be implemented into the GPS are summarized.
Buige, A.↗
NASA program
Areas of the NASA global positioning system (GPS) related programs including satellite/navigation tracking, shuttle applications, land/sea applications, and civil aviation applications are described. The development of technologies for the GPS such as high precision RNAV, a collision warning/avoidance system, and an automated position, velocity, identification reporting system is discussed.
Reid, H. J., Jr.↗
A generalized development model for testing GPS user equipment
The generalized development model (GDM) program, which was intended to establish how well GPS user equipment can perform under a combination of jamming and dynamics, is described. The systems design and the characteristics of the GDM are discussed. The performance aspects of the GDM are listed and the application of the GDM to civil aviation is examined.
Hemesath, N.↗