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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 127 records · Page 7
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

Climate impacts of particle physics

The pursuit of particle physics requires a stable and prosperous society. Today, our society is increasingly threatened by global climate change. Human-influenced climate change has already impacted weather patterns, and global warming will only increase unless deep reductions in emissions of CO$_2$ and other greenhouse gases are achieved. Current and future activities in particle physics need to be considered in this context, either on the moral ground that we have a responsibility to leave a habitable planet to future generations, or on the more practical ground that, because of their scale, particle physics projects and activities will be under scrutiny for their impact on the climate. In this white paper for the U.S. Particle Physics Community Planning Exercise ("Snowmass"), we examine several contexts in which the practice of particle physics has impacts on the climate. These include the construction of facilities, the design and operation of particle detectors, the use of large-scale computing, and the research activities of scientists. We offer recommendations on establishing climate-aware practices in particle physics, with the goal of reducing our impact on the climate. We invite members of the community to show their support for a sustainable particle physics field (https://indico.fnal.gov/event/53795/).

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
NASA NTRS1997

An overview of the issues: physiological effects of bed rest and restricted physical activity

Reduction of exercise capacity with confinement to bed rest is well recognized. Underlying physiological mechanisms include dramatic reductions in maximal stroke volume, cardiac output, and oxygen uptake. However, bed rest by itself does not appear to contribute to cardiac dysfunction. Increased muscle fatigue is associated with reduced muscle blood flow, red cell volume, capillarization and oxidative enzymes. Loss of muscle mass and bone density may be reflected by reduced muscle strength and higher risk for injury to bones and joints. The resultant deconditioning caused by bed rest can be independent of the primary disease and physically debilitating in patients who attempt to reambulate to normal active living and working. A challenge to clinicians and health care specialists has been the identification of appropriate and effective methods to restore physical capacity of patients during or after restricted physical activity associated with prolonged bed rest. The examination of physiological responses to bed rest deconditioning and exercise training in healthy subjects has provided significant information to develop effective rehabilitation treatments. The successful application of acute exercise to enhance orthostatic stability, daily endurance exercise to maintain aerobic capacity, or specific resistance exercises to maintain musculoskeletal integrity rather than the use of surgical, pharmacological, and other medical treatments for clinical conditions has been enhanced by investigation and understanding of underlying mechanisms that distinguish physical deconditioning from the disease. This symposium presents an overview of cardiovascular and musculoskeletal deconditioning associated with reduced physical work capacity following prolonged bed rest and exercise training regimens that have proven successful in ameliorating or reversing these adverse effects.

NASA Program Space Physiology and Countermeasures↗
DOE OSTI2022

The Future of High Energy Physics Software and Computing (V2.1)

Software and Computing (S&C) are essential to all High Energy Physics (HEP) experiments and many theoretical studies. The size and complexity of S&C are now commensurate with that of experimental instruments, playing a critical role in experimental design, data acquisition/instrumental control, reconstruction, and analysis. Furthermore, S&C often plays a leading role in driving the precision of theoretical calculations and simulations. Within this central role in HEP, S&C has been immensely successful over the last decade. This report looks forward to the next decade and beyond, in the context of the 2021 Particle Physics Community Planning Exercise ("Snowmass") organized by the Division of Particles and Fields (DPF) of the American Physical Society.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Exploration Exercise System (EES) Development

Exploration class missions will be required to have an exercise device that is lightweight, has a small footprint, and is capable of providing enough physical stimulus and exercise variability to be an effective countermeasure against muscle and bone loss that results from the microgravity environment. Exploration exercise device prototypes should be evaluated on the ground and in-orbit for feasibility of use in microgravity for long and short duration exploration missions and efficacy of the device to maintain multi-system health and performance. The European Enhanced Exploration Exercise Device (E4D) was selected as the exploration prototype device to be evaluated on ISS for efficacy and feasibility of use as a single multi-modality device for the exercise system for exploration missions. This effort supports the continued development, testing, and verification of E4D hardware and software, internal NASA integration (Human Health and Performance, ISS Vehicle Office, Engineering, and Flight Operations), and external integration across NASA, ESA, and the Danish Aerospace Company (DAC). Providing a feasibility and acceptability assessment from a physiological efficacy and hardware durability standpoint are critical for informing use and risk associated with use on exploration missions. Clearly defined objectives from end users, stakeholders, and Subject Matter Experts (SMEs) will be tested by crewmembers during acute use sessions and long duration use of the exercise device while on ISS. This effort will include a flight study where crewmembers will be asked to exercise using only the E4D during the duration of their mission and participate in a battery of physiological testing to evaluate the efficacy. Hardware is scheduled to launch in FY25 followed by 2 years of operational use after activation and checkout. A final recommendation will be provided to the Artemis program on acceptability of the device for exploration missions. The E4D needs a vibration isolation stabilization (VIS) system that serves as a platform for the exercise hardware to protect the vehicle from loads imparted during exercise. Exploration forward VIS systems will need to protect the vehicle and provide sufficient stabilization for the exerciser during performance of all critical exercises. These enabling capabilities need to be achieved within exploration vehicle power, thermal, mass, and volume limitations.

Kent Lawrence Kalogera↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Exploration Exercise System (EES) Physiology

Exploration class missions will be required to have an exercise device that is lightweight, has a small footprint, and is capable of providing enough physical stimulus and exercise variability to be an effective countermeasure against muscle, bone, aerobic fitness, and sensorimotor loss that results from the microgravity environment. Ground studies, inflight studies, and results analyses are required to inform Moon2Mars Design Reference Missions (DRMs) and vehicle designs. This activity encompasses two related projects, an evaluation study called Zero T2 and a requirements development for an exploration treadmill (ET). Exploration class missions’ mass/power/volume restrictions have resulted in the development of exercise devices that are motorized and flywheel-based to provide both aerobic and resistive training on one platform. These devices provide a variety of full body resistance exercise options as well as rowing and cycling for aerobic exercise, but do not provide ambulatory exercise via a treadmill. Because a treadmill has been available for use on the ISS since 2001, we do not understand the efficacy of exploration exercise modalities on muscle performance, aerobic fitness, bone health, or sensorimotor performance. A retrospective study was performed to quantify the association between total exercise (including specific contributions of treadmill exercise) and functional performance upon landing. Due to the relatively small variation in treadmill usage inflight, there is a need to do a controlled study where inflight crewmembers will not use the ISS treadmill (called T2) for the duration of their flights. There will be 3 arms to the Zero T2 study: 1) participants use all currently available exercise platforms aboard ISS (control group), 2) participants use only ARED and CEVIS, and 3) participants use only European Enhanced Exploration Device (E4D). (Please see the TechPort Entry for Exploration Exercise System Development for further detail on the E4D.) This study started in Oct 2020 and will continue through Sep 2027. In a parallel effort, a team will be developing requirements for an exploration treadmill. This project will be broken into two phases. Phase 1 will develop and implement energy prediction models based on available in-flight exercise data to quantify energy expenditure during 0g treadmill running. Phase 2 will then use the available biomechanical and metabolic evidence from Phase 1 to determine the hardware specification requirements essential to providing the desired exercise stimulus. Subject Matter Experts (SMEs) will then leverage the Standardized Process for Evaluating Exercise Devices (SPEED) developed by the team to 1) assess available technologies for candidate treadmills which meet defined requirements, 2) perform hands-on evaluations of top candidates, 3) provide evaluation outcomes and recommendations to developers. This project will begin in 2025 and continue through Sep 2030.

Kent Lawrence Kalogera↗
DOE OSTI2022

“Snowmass’21 Discussions on Future HEP Facilities in the US

The US particle physics community planning exercise (a.k.a. “Snowmass”) is organized every 7 to 9 years to provide a forum for discussions among the entire particle physics community to develop a scientific vision for the future of particle physics in the U.S. and its international partners. The Snowmass'21 Accelerator Frontier activities include discussions on high-energy hadron and lepton colliders, high-intensity beams for neutrino research and for “Physics Beyond Colliders”, accelerator technologies, science, education and outreach as well as the progress of core accelerator technologies, including RF, magnets, targets and sources. Here we summarize the Snowmass'21 discussions on future HEP accelerator facilities.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Snowmass 21 Discussions on Future Accelerator HEP Facilities

The US particle physics community planning exercise (a.k.a. Snowmass) is organized every 7 to 9 years to provide a forum for discussions among the entire particle physics community to develop a scientific vision for the future of particle physics in the U.S. and its international partners. The Snowmass 21 Accelerator Frontier activities include discussions on high-energy hadron and lepton colliders, high-intensity beams for neutrino research and for Physics Beyond Colliders, accelerator technologies, science, education and outreach as well as the progress of core accelerator technologies, including RF, magnets, targets and sources. Here we summarize the Snowmass 21 discussions on future HEP accelerator facilities.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Snowmass'21 Accelerator Frontier

The Particle Physics Community Planning Exercise (a.k.a. “Snowmass”) is the form of organization of regular, every 6 to 8 years, discussions among the entire particle physics community to develop a scientifc vision for the future of particle physics in the U.S. and its international partners. The Snowmass’21 Accelerator Frontier activities include discussions on high-energy hadron and lepton colliders, high-intensity beams for neutrino research and for the “Physics Beyond Colliders”, accelerator technologies, science, education and outreach as well as the progress of core accelerator technology, including RF, magnets, targets and sources.

Gourlay, Stephen Alan↗
DOE OSTI2024

Enabling the Next Generation Of Facilities for Particle Physics

The report of the decadal US Particle Physics Community Planning Exercise known as “Snowmass” was released earlier this year. The Snowmass report serves as input for the second phase of planning, the Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel (P5). P5 will develop a strategic plan for U.S. particle physics that will guide the field for the next decade and set R&D priorities beyond that. A broad range of proposals for future facilities were put forward during the Snowmass process, many requiring beyond state-of-the-art superconducting materials and magnets. This talk will give an overview of some of the collider options and outline elements of an R&D plan for the material and magnet development needed to meet the challenging requirements.

Gourlay, Steve↗
DOE OSTI2023

Technology Demands of a Muon Collider and its Relation to other HEP Projects

The decadal US Particle Physics Community Planning Exercise known as “Snowmass” has released a final report. Snowmass is a scientific study to define the most important questions for the field of particle physics and identify promising opportunities to address them. The Snowmass report will serve as input for the Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel (P5) to develop a strategic plan for U.S. particle physics that will guide the field for the next decade and R&D priorities beyond that. A broad range of proposals for future facilities have been put forward. Among them, a Muon Collider has generated considerable interest from the particle physics community. Enabling such a facility will involve solving a variety of challenges that will be briefly described in this talk.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium (MoTrPAC): Mapping the Dynamic Responses to Exercise

Exercise provides a robust physiological stimulus that evokes cross-talk between a wide range of tissues via hormonal, cellular and molecular signals that when repeated regularly over time (i.e., training) improves physiological capacity, benefits numerous organ systems and decreases the risk for premature mortality. In spite of its fundamental importance, a gap remains in identifying the detailed molecular signals and responses to exercise and its benefits for health and disease prevention. To further knowledge in this emerging area, the Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium (MoTrPAC) was established to generate a molecular map of the effects of acute and chronic exercise. MoTrPAC investigators are conducting preclinical and clinical studies to better understand the systemic effects of exercise across multiple tissues. The preclinical studies were performed on more than 700 rats with the analysis of twenty or more organs per rat. The clinical study involves a large cohort of ~2600 individuals with a range of ages and fitness levels (untrained, trained, highly trained) who will be evaluated physiologically and by molecular probing of blood, muscle and adipose tissues before and after acute and chronic endurance or resistance exercise. Multi-omic analyses (genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics/lipidomics) will be performed followed by state-of-the-art bioinformatics to create a molecular map of exercise. This mapping project will provide a public database that is expected to enhance our understanding of the health benefits of physical activity in many organ systems and potentially provide insight into mitigating diseases through activity.

Sanford, James A.↗
DOE OSTI2022

New directions for surrogate models and differentiable programming for High Energy Physics detector simulation

The computational cost for high energy physics detector simulation in future experimental facilities is going to exceed the current available resources. To overcome this challenge, new ideas on surrogate models using machine learning methods are being explored to replace computationally expensive components. Additionally, differentiable programming has been proposed as a complementary approach, providing controllable and scalable simulation routines. In this document, new and ongoing efforts for surrogate models and differential programming applied to detector simulation are discussed in the context of the 2021 Particle Physics Community Planning Exercise (`Snowmass').

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
NASA NTRS1994

Exercise detraining: Applicability to microgravity

Physical training exposes the various systems of the body to potent physiologic stimuli. These stimuli induce specific adaptations that enhance an individual's tolerance for the type of exercise encountered in training. The level of adaptation and the magnitude of improvement in exercise tolerance is proportional to the potency of the physical training stimuli. Likewise, our bodies are stimulated by gravity, which promotes adaptations of both the cardiovascular and skeletal muscles. Exposure to microgravity removes normal stimuli to these systems, and the body adapts to these reduced demands. In many respects the cessation of physical training in athletes and the transition from normal gravity to microgravity represent similar paradigms. Inherent to these situations is the concept of the reversibility of the adaptations induced by training or by exposure to normal gravity. The reversibility concept holds that when physical training is stopped (i.e., detraining) or reduced, or a person goes from normal gravity to microgravity, the bodily systems readjust in accordance with the diminished physiologic stimuli. The focus of this chapter is on the time course of loss of the adaptations to endurance training as well as on the possibility that certain adaptations persist, to some extent, when training is stopped. Because endurance exercise training generally improves cardiovascular function and promotes metabolic adaptations within the exercising skeletal musculature, the reversibility of these specific adaptations is considered. These observations have some applicability to the transition from normal to microgravity.

Coyle, Edward F.↗
DOE OSTI2023

Report of the 2021 U.S. Community Study on the Future of Particle Physics (Snowmass 2021)

In 2019, with the construction of the projects supported by the 2014 P5 process well underway or in an advanced stage of planning, the Division of Particle and Fields (DPF) of the American Physical Society (APS) began to prepare a new community study of U.S. high energy physics (HEP) for the decade of 2025 – 2035, and beyond. This “Snowmass 2021” HEP Community Planning Exercise began formally with a kick-off meeting at the 2020 APS April Meeting and a Community-wide Planning Meeting in October of 2020. The exercise was to conclude in July of 2021 with a workshop in Seattle hosted by the University of Washington. The COVID-19 pandemic severely disrupted these plans. Work was paused from January to September of 2021 to lighten the burden on our younger scientists. We resumed work by September of 2021 and, despite the continuing challenges of COVID-19, our community was well prepared for the Seattle meeting, which had been rescheduled for July 17–26, 2022.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Snowmass White Paper: Prospects of CP-violation measurements with the Higgs boson at future experiments

The search for CP violation in interactions of the Higgs boson with either fermions or bosons provides attractive reference measurements in the Particle Physics Community Planning Exercise (a.k.a. "Snowmass"). Benchmark measurements of CP violation provide a limited and well-defined set of parameters that could be tested at the proton, electron-positron, photon, and muon colliders, and compared to those achieved through study of virtual effects in electric dipole moment measurements. We review the current status of these CP-sensitive studies and provide projections to future measurements.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
NASA NTRS1977

Skylab 2 crew observations and summary

Signs and symptoms experienced during weightlessness ranged from a sensation of fullness in the head to a strange body posture and the sensation of fluid drainage out of the legs. There was no vestibular sense of the upright whatsoever unless the crewmember happened to look at the earth; motion sickness was not a clinical problem. The ability to maintain physical fitness through exercise and the caloric demand remained just about the same as they do on the ground after initial adjustment.

Kerwin, J. P.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Heart Rate Monitor

In the mid 70's, NASA saw a need for a long term electrocardiographic electrode suitable for use on astronauts. Heart Rate Inc.'s insulated capacitive electrode is constructed of thin dielectric film applied to stainless steel surface, originally developed under a grant by Texas Technical University. HRI, Inc. was awarded NASA license and continued development of heart rate monitor for use on exercise machines for physical fitness and medical markets.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS2008

Cognitive Assessment of Movement-Based Computer Games

This paper examines the possibility that dance games such as Dance Dance Revolution or StepMania enhance the cognitive abilities that are critical to academic achievement. These games appear to place a high cognitive load on working memory requiring the player to convert a visual signal to a physical movement up to 7 times per second. Players see a pattern of directions displayed on the screen and they memorise these as a dance sequence. Other researchers have found that attention span and memory ability, both cognitive abilities required for academic achievement, are improved through the use of physical movement and exercise. This paper reviews these claims and documents tool development for on-going research by the author.

Kearney, Paul↗