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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,405 records · Page 78
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2017

Mapping local deformation behavior in single cell metal lattice structures

The deformation behavior of metal lattice structures is extremely complex and challenging to predict, especially since strain is not uniformly distributed throughout the structure. Understanding and predicting the failure behavior for these types of light-weighting structures is of great interest due to the excellent scaling of stiffness- and strength-to weight ratios they display. Therefore, there is a need to perform simplified experiments that probe unit cell mechanisms. This study reports on high resolution mapping of the heterogeneous structural response of single unit cells to the macro-scale loading condition. Two types of structures, known to show different stress-strain responses, were evaluated using synchrotron radiation micro-tomography while performing in-situ uniaxial compression tests to capture the local micro-strain deformation. These structures included the octet-truss, a stretch-dominated lattice, and the rhombic-dodecahedron, a bend-dominated lattice. The tomographic analysis showed that the stretch- and bend-dominated lattices exhibit different failure mechanisms and that the defects built into the structure cause a heterogeneous localized deformation response. Also shown here is a change in failure mode for stretch-dominated lattices, where there appears to be a transition from buckling to plastic yielding for samples with a relative density between 10 and 20%. In conclusion, the experimental results were also used to inform computational studies designed to predict the mesoscale deformation behavior of lattice structures. Here an equivalent continuum model and a finite element model were used to predict both local strain fields and mechanical behavior of lattices with different topologies.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Direct ink write multi-material printing of PDMS-BTO composites with MWCNT electrodes for flexible force sensors

Here, with recent advances of additive manufacturing technology, direct ink write (DIW) printing has allowed to incorporate multi-material printing of various materials with freedom of design and complex geometric shapes to complete functional sensors in a one-step fabrication. This paper introduces the use of DIW 3D printing of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with barium titanate (BTO) filler as stretchable composites with tunable piezoelectric properties that can be used for force sensors applications. To improve the bonding between stretchable piezoelectric composites and electrodes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes was included in the fabrication of electrodes at a fixed ratio of 11 wt. %. The alignment of the BTO dipoles was achieved through corona poling method, which applies an electric charge on the surface layer of the functional material, aligning the dipoles in the desired direction and thus gaining the piezoelectricity. Different BTO mixing ratios (10–50 wt. %) were evaluated in order to obtain tunable piezoelectric properties and compare the sensitivity with respect their elastic properties. Tensile testing and piezoelectric testing were carried out to characterize mechanical and piezoelectric properties. Results showed that fabricated PDMS with 50 wt. % BTO gave the highest piezoelectric coefficient (d 33 ) of 11.5 pC N -1 and with an output voltage of 385 mV under compression loading of >200 lbF. This demonstrates feasibility of using multi-material DIW printing to fabricate piezoelectric force sensors with integrated electrodes in one-step without compromising the flexibility of the material.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1976

Boundary layer bleed system study for a full-scale, mixed-compression inlet with 45 percent internal contraction

The results of an experimental bleed development study for a full-scale, Mach 2.5, axisymmetric, mixed-compression inlet were presented. The inlet was designed to satisfy the airflow requirements of the TF30-P-3 turbofan engine. Capabilities for porous bleed on the cowl surface and ram-scoop/flush-slot bleed on the centerbody were provided. A configuration with no bleed on the cowl achieved a minimum stable, diffuser exit, total pressure recovery of 0.894 with a centerbody-bleed mass flow ratio of 0.02. Configurations with cowl bleed had minimum stable recoveries as high as 0.900 but suffered range decrement penalties from the increased bleed mass flow removal. Limited inlet stability and unstart angle-of-attack data are presented.

Shaw, R. J.↗
NASA NTRS1939

The Column Strength of Two Extruded Aluminum-Alloy H-Sections

Extruded aluminum-alloy members of various cross sections are used in aircraft as compression members either singly or as stiffeners for aluminum-alloy sheet. In order to design such members, it is necessary to know their column strength or, in the case of stiffeners, the value of the double modulus, which is best obtained for practical purposes from column tests. Column tests made on two extruded h-sections are described, and column formulas and formulas for the ratio of the double modulus to Young's modulus, based on the tests, are given.

Osgood, William R↗
DOE OSTI2019

Effects of water addition on the combustion of iso -octane investigated in laminar flames, low-temperature reactors, and an HCCI engine

In this work, the effect of H 2 O injection on the combustion process of iso -octane was investigated with the aim to better understand the suitability of water addition as a potential engine control parameter for homogeneous-charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion. Several experiments were combined including premixed low-pressure flames, a jet-stirred reactor (JSR) and a plug-flow reactor (PFR), both at atmospheric pressure, and a single-cylinder research engine (SCRE) operated with either iso -octane or RON 98 gasoline. The thermal effect of H 2 O addition was determined in laminar premixed iso -octane/O 2 /Ar flames (equivalence ratio $Φ$=1.4, 40 mbar) with H 2 O mole fractions of 0 to 0.22, where water addition reduced the temperature measured by laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) by up to 110 K. Speciation data were obtained from these flames as well as in the JSR ($Φ$=0.65, 933 mbar) and PFR experiments ($Φ$=0.65, 970 mbar) with and without H 2 O addition in the low- to intermediate temperature regime from 700–1100 K. The chemical analysis in these flame and reactor experiments was performed using molecular-beam mass spectrometry (MBMS) employing either electron ionization (EI) in the PFR and premixed flame or single-photon ionization (PI) by tunable vacuum-ultraviolet radiation in the JSR. The effects on species mole fractions were small which is supported by predictions from chemical-kinetic simulations. Quantitative speciation data of the exhaust gas of the SCRE were obtained by using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. A very similar species pool was detected in the laboratory-scale experiments and for the engine operation. It is thus assumed that these results could assist in guiding both the improvement of fundamental chemical-kinetic as well as HCCI engine control models.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2017

Phase transitions in MgSiO 3 post-perovskite in super-Earth mantles

The highest pressure form of the major Earth-forming mantle silicate is MgSiO 3 post-perovskite (PPv). Understanding the fate of PPv at TPa pressures is the first step for understanding the mineralogy of super-Earths-type exoplanets, arguably the most interesting for their similarities with Earth. Modeling their internal structure requires knowledge of stable mineral phases, their properties under compression, and major element abundances. Several studies of PPv under extreme pressures support the notion that a sequence of pressure induced dissociation transitions produce the elementary oxides SiO 2 and MgO as the ultimate aggregation form at ~3 TPa. However, none of these studies have addressed the problem of mantle composition, particularly major element abundances usually expressed in terms of three main variables, the Mg/Si and Fe/Si ratios and the Mg#, as in the Earth. Here we show that the critical compositional parameter, the Mg/Si ratio, whose value in the Earth’s mantle is still debated, is a vital ingredient for modeling phase transitions and internal structure of super-Earth mantles. Specifically, we have identified new sequences of phase transformations, including new recombination reactions that depend decisively on this ratio. This is a new level of complexity that has not been previously addressed, but proves essential for modeling the nature and number of internal layers in these rocky mantles.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

High-strength, lightweight nano-architected silica

Continuous nanolattices are an emerging class of mechanical metamaterials that are highly attractive due to their superior strength-to-weight ratios, which originate from their spatial architectures and nanoscale-sized elements possessing near-theoretical strength. Rational design of frameworks remains challenging below 50 nm because of limited methods to arrange small elements into complex architectures. Here, we fabricate silica frameworks with ~4- to 20-nm-thick elements using self-assembly and silica templating of DNA origami nanolattices and perform in situ micro-compression testing to examine the mechanical properties. We observe strong effects of lattice dimensions on yield strength (σ $\mathcal{y}$ ) and failure mode. Silica nanolattices are found to exhibit yield strengths higher than those of any known engineering materials with similar mass density. The robust coordination of the nanothin and strong silica elements leads to the combination of lightweight and high-strength framework materials offering an effective strategy for the fabrication of nanoarchitected materials with superior mechanical properties.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2020

Single-pulse (100 ps) extended x-ray absorption fine structure capability at the Dynamic Compression Sector

Determining real-time changes in the local atomistic order is important for a mechanistic understanding of shock wave induced structural and chemical changes. However, the single event and short duration (nanosecond times) nature of shock experiments pose challenges in obtaining Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) measurements - typically used for monitoring local order changes. Here, we report on a new single pulse (~100 ps duration) transmission geometry EXAFS capability for use in laser shock-compression experiments at the Dynamic Compression Sector (DCS), Advanced Photon Source. We used a flat plate of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) as the spectrometer element to energy disperse x-rays transmitted through the sample. It provided high efficiency with approximately 15% of the x-rays incident on the HOPG reaching an x-ray area detector with high quantum efficiency. This combination resulted in good signal-to-noise ratio (~10 3 ), energy resolution of ~10 eV at 10 keV, EXAFS spectra covering 100s of eV, and good pulse to pulse reproducibility of our single pulse measurements. Ambient EXAFS spectra for Cu and Au are compared to reference spectra, validating our measurement system. Comparison of single pulse EXAFS results for ambient and laser shocked Ge(100) shows large changes to the local structure of the short lived state of shocked Ge. The current DCS EXAFS capability can be used to perform single pulse measurements in laser shocked materials from approximately 9-13 keV. These EXAFS developments will be available to all users of the DCS.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2023

Development of Multi-Filament Textured-Powder Bi-2212/Ag Wire with Enhanced Local Area Ratio (Final Technical Report)

ATC has successfully developed a new method for making high-performance Bi-2212/Ag su-perconducting wire with a favorable local area ratio (LAR)=Ag:Bi-2212. The method begins by texturing a fine powder of Bi-2212: the powder is loaded uniformly into an open-sided silver foil channel, the flaps of foil are folded over the powder filling, and the package is hydraulically com-pressed in a die set to form a textured-powder (TP) bar. XRD analysis of the interior powder in a compressed bar shows a texture of 80% after 200 MPa compression.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1951

Effect of Angle of Attack and Exit Nozzle Design on the Performance of a 16-inch Ram Jet at Mach Numbers from 1.5 to 2.0

An investigation of the performance of a 16-inch ram jet engine having a single oblique-shock all-external compression inlet designed for a flight Mach number of 1.8, was conducted in the NACA Lewis 8-by 6-foot supersonic wind tunnel. Data were obtained at Mach numbers from 1.5 to 2.0 and angles of attack from 0 degrees to 10 degrees. Three exit nozzles were used; a cylindrical extension of the combustion chamber, a 4 degrees half-angle converging nozzle with a 0.71 contraction ratio, and a graphite converging-diverging nozzle having a 0.71 contraction ratio plus reexpansion to essentially major body diameter.

EXITS↗
DOE OSTI2016

Elastically-homogeneous lattice models of damage in geomaterials

This paper involves the development of the auxiliary stress approach for producing elastically-homogeneous lattice models of damage in geomaterials. The lattice models are based on random, three-dimensional assemblages of rigid-body-spring elements. Unlike conventional lattice or particle models, the elastic constants of a material (e.g., Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio) are represented properly in both global and local senses, without any need for calibration. The proposed approach is demonstrated and validated through analyses of homogeneous and heterogeneous systems under uni- and tri-axial loading conditions. Comparisons are made with analytical solutions and finite element results. Thereafter, the model is used to simulate a series of standard laboratory tests: (a) split-cylinder tests, and (b) uniaxial compressive tests of sedimentary rocks at the Horonobe Underground Research Laboratory in Hokkaido, Japan. Model inputs are based on physical quantities measured in the experiments. Finally, the simulation results agree well with the experimental results in terms of pre-peak stress-strain/displacement responses, strength measurements, and failure patterns.

3D irregular lattice↗
NASA NTRS1991

Combined-load buckling behavior of metal-matrix composite sandwich panels under different thermal environments

Combined compressive and shear buckling analysis was conducted on flat rectangular sandwich panels with the consideration of transverse shear effects of the core. The sandwich panel is fabricated with titanium honeycomb core and laminated metal matrix composite face sheets. The results show that the square panel has the highest combined load buckling strength, and that the buckling strength decreases sharply with the increases of both temperature and panel aspect ratio. The effect of layup (fiber orientation) on the buckling strength of the panels was studied in detail. The metal matrix composite sandwich panel was much more efficient than the sandwich panel with nonreinforced face sheets and had the same specific weight.

Ko, William L.↗
NASA NTRS1956

Charts for estimating the hovering endurance of a helicopter

As a means of comparing the performance capabilities of various helicopter propulsion systems, charts have been presented for estimating the hovering endurance of a helicopter in the form of a hovering-endurance parameter as a function of the ratio of total fuel load to helicopter initial weight for a range of initial thrust coefficients from 0.002 to 0.012 and for values of rotor mean lift coefficient from 0.24 to .072. The charts were presented for a helicopter having rotor blades with ideal twist. However, corrections may be applied to the hovering endurance to account for other combinations of twist and taper. The effects of stall and compressibility have been neglected.

HELICOPTERS↗
NASA NTRS1994

Mode properties of low-frequency waves: Kinetic theory versus Hall-MHD

In fluid theory, the ordering of low-frequency modes in a homogeneous plasma is based on the phase velocity, since modes do not intersect each other in dispersion diagrams as a function of wavenumber or other parameters. In linear kinetic theory, modes cross each other. Thus a consistent and useful classification should be based on the physical properties of the modes instead. This paper attempts such a classification by documeting the dispersion and general mode properties of the low-frequency waves (omega much less than (OMEGA(sub ci) OMEGA(sub ce) (exp 1/2)), where OMEGA(sub ci), OMEGA(sub ce) are the cyclotron frequencies of the ions and electrons, respectively) in kinetic theory, and by comparing them to the results of two-fluid theory. Kinetic theory gives a seperate Alfven/ion-cyclotron (A/IC) wave with phase speed Omega/k approximately = v(sub A) cos theta for omega much less than OMEGA(sub ci), where v(sub A) is the Alfven velocity and theta the angle of propagation between wave vector k and background magnetic field B(sub o). For a given wavenumber, the magnetosonic mode is a double-valued solution with a singular point in theta, beta parameter space, where beta is the ratio of thermal pressure to magnetic pressure. It is shown that a branch cut starting at the singular point theta approximately 30 deg, beta approximately 3 and leading to larger beta gives a practical and consitent seperation of this double-valued magnetosonic solution. Selection of this branch cut results in a moderately damped fast/magnetos onic and a heavily damped slow/sound wave. A comprehensive review of the polarization, compressibility and other mode properties is given and shown to be consistent with the selected branch cut. At small wavenumbers, the kinetic mode properties typically start to deviate significantly from their fluid counterparts at beta approximately 0.5. At larger beta, there is no longer a consistent correspondence between the fluid and kinetic modes. Kinetic theory also dictates the use of different mode properties to distinguish between them in observational data. For example, the phase between the density and magnetic field perturbation may become useless at high beta, whereas the direction of the magnetic field perturbations with respect to k and B(sub o) remains a useful characteristic. Two quantities based on this characteristic are suggested and are shown to be useful also to distinguish between the mirror mode and A/IC waves in a plasma with temperature anisotropy.

Krauss-Varban, D.↗
DOE OSTI2022

An experimental and modeling study on autoignition of 2-phenylethanol and its blends with n-heptane

2-Phenylethanol (2-PE) is an aromatic alcohol with high research octane number, high octane sensitivity, and a potential to be produced using biomass. Considering that 2-PE can be used as a fuel additive for boosting the anti-knocking quality of gasoline in spark-ignition engines and as the low reactivity fuel or fuel component in dual-fuel reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) engines, it is of fundamental and practical interest to understand the autoignition chemistry of 2-PE, especially at low-to-intermediate temperatures (<1000 K). Based upon the experimental ignition delay time (IDT) results of neat 2-PE obtained from our previous rapid compression machine (RCM) investigation and the literature shock tube study, a detailed chemical kinetic model of 2-PE is developed herein, covering low-to-high temperature regimes. Besides, RCM experiments using binary fuel blends of 2-PE and n-heptane (nC7) are conducted in this work to investigate the nC7/2-PE blending effects, as they represent a dual-fuel system for RCCI operations. Furthermore, the newly developed 2-PE model is merged with a well-validated nC7 kinetic model to generate the current nC7/2-PE binary blend model. Overall, the consolidated model reasonably predicts the experimental IDT data of neat 2-PE and nC7/2-PE blends, as well as captures the experimental effects of pressure, equivalence ratio, and blending ratio on autoignition. Finally, model-based chemical kinetic analyses are carried out to understand and identify the controlling chemistry accounting for the observed blending effects in RCM experiments. In conclusion, the analyses reveal that nC7 enhances 2-PE autoignition via providing extra $\dot{O}$H radicals to the shared radical pool, while the diminished nC7 promoting effect on 2-PE autoignition with increasing temperature is due to the negative temperature coefficient characteristics of nC7.

2-phenlyethanol↗
DOE OSTI2019

Rate-dependent deformation and Poisson’s effect in porous titanium

Dynamic and quasi-static compression experiments are conducted on a high-density porous titanium with in situ X-ray imaging to characterize its deformation dynamics. The porous titanium exhibits higher strain-rate sensitivity than full-density titanium. Strain field mapping indicates that compaction bands are narrower and denser under dynamic loading, leading to a more homogeneous strain distribution and thus a higher flow stress. Here, the mean Poisson's ratio for dynamic loading is 15% lower than that for quasi-static loading at the same bulk strain, as a result of local inertial confinement which also contributes to the rate hardening of porous titanium.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1986

A comparison of experimental and theoretical results for leakage, pressure gradients, and rotordynamic coefficients for tapered annular gas seal

A brief review of current annular seal theory and a discussion of the predicted effect on stiffness of tapering the seal stator are presented. An outline of Nelson's analytical-computational method for determining rotordynamic coefficients for annular compressible-flow seals is included. Modifications to increase the maximum rotor speed of an existing air-seal test apparatus at Texas A&M University are described. Experimental results, including leakage, entrance-loss coefficients, pressure distributions, and normalized rotordynamic coefficients, are presented for four convergent-tapered, smooth-rotor, smooth-stator seals. A comparison of the test results shows that an inlet-to-exit clearance ratio of 1.5 to 2.0 provides the maximum direct stiffness, a clearance ratio of 2.5 provides the greatest stability, and a clearance ratio of 1.0 provides the least stability. The experimental results are compared to theoretical results from Nelson's analysis with good agreement. Test results for cross-coupled stiffness show less sensitivity of fluid prerotation than predicted.

Elrod, D. A.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Experiments and analysis concerning the use of external burning to reduce aerospace vehicle transonic drag

The external combustion of hydrogen to reduce transonic drag was investigated. A control volume analysis is developed and indicates that the specific impulse performance of external burning is competitive with other forms of airbreathing propulsion and depends on the fuel-air ratio, freestream Mach number, and the severity of the base drag. A method is presented for sizing fuel injectors for a desired fuel-air ratio in the unconfined stream. A two-dimensional Euler analysis is also presented which indicates that the total axial force generated by external burning depends on the total amount of energy input and is independent of the transverse and streamwise distribution of heat addition. Good agreement between the Euler and control volume analysis is demonstrated. Features of the inviscid external burning flowfield are discussed. Most notably, a strong compression forms at the sonic line within the burning stream which may induce separation of the plume and prevent realization of the full performance potential. An experimental program was conducted in a Mach 1.26 free-jet to demonstrate drag reduction on a simple expansion ramp geometry, and verify hydrogen-air stability limits at external burning conditions. Stable combustion appears feasible to Mach number of between 1.4 and 2 depending on the vehicle flight trajectory. Drag reduction is demonstrated on the expansion ramp at Mach 1.26; however, force levels showed little dependence on fuel pressure or altitude in contrast to control volume analysis predictions. Various facility interference mechanisms and scaling issues were studied and are discussed.

Trefny, Charles J.↗