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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 145 records · Page 8
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DOE OSTI2020

Active Damping With Energy Storage to Improve Power System Frequency Stability

As renewable resources displace traditional generation, there may be times when there is relatively less rotational inertia (H, MW-s) to stabilize power system frequency following a power system disturbance. This article outlines a method for the control of Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) to mitigate power system frequency disturbances. The control scheme discussed in the article leverages latest ‘smart grid’ technologies including PMU’s and advanced grid-supportive inverters. The authors’ screening-level analysis of this novel BESS control concept indicates the potential to increase the speed of recovery of disturbed power systems, i.e. return power system frequency to nominal value (60 Hz in N. America), following a system disturbance. Increasing power system stability by adding inertial-support from appropriately controlled BESS will help power systems accommodate more renewable generation before hitting stability limits.

Energy Storage↗
DOE OSTI2020

Provision of Grid Services by PV Plants with Integrated Battery Energy Storage System: Preprint

Battery energy storage systems (BESS), due to their tremendous range of uses and configurations, may assist PV integration in any number of ways by increasing power system flexibility. In this paper we describe results of a research project conducted by NREL and First Solar for developing controls and demonstrating many use cases for PV-BESS systems including (1) matching generation to loads through time shifting, reducing PV curtailment,; (2) promoting higher levels of PV penetrations by balancing the grid through ancillary services; (3) use of PV-BESS systems to provide wide-area stability services in the form of oscillations damping controls; and (r) use of gird forming BESS for enabling black start and islanded applications for PV-BESS systems. In the paper we will also describe the unique multi-MW test and validation platform developed at NREL for conducting research on fielded utility-scale PV-BESS systems. The platform consists of First Solar 0.43 MW PV power plant, NREL’s 1MW/1MW BESS, 2MW PV power supplies and 7MVA power electronic grid simulator interfaced with industrial plant controllers and power-hardware-in-the-loop (PHIL) capability.

41 EE - Solar Energy Technologies Office (EE-4S)↗
DOE OSTI2020

A Modular Optimal Power Flow Method for Integrating New Technologies in Distribution Grids

This work proposes a modular concept to build optimal power flow (OPF) models for distribution networks containing various emerging technologies under diverse ownership structures, to efficiently deal with evolving technology capabilities and information sharing or privacy constraints. This concept will support any typical OPF application (e.g., optimal dispatch of a given asset without violating grid constraints) by coordinating between grid module and technology module without the need to recreate various modeling elements as technology capability changes due to innovation. Moreover, the modularity of the proposed concept enables achieving system level objectives without sharing detailed information on module level objectives and constraints among modules. To achieve this, the proposed work develops a gradient-descent algorithm which builds upon the literature on the state-of-the-art power flow approximation. The proposed concept is demonstrated with two case studies of i) controllable loads and ii) battery energy storage system (BESS) on an actual large-scale distribution grid.

Hanif, Sarmad↗
DOE OSTI2021

Power Quality and Stability in a Cluster of Microgrids with Coordinated Power and Energy Management

Distributed Energy Resources (DER) such as photovoltaic (PV) systems and battery energy storage systems (BESS) can be operated collectively as microgrids. Microgrids can be effective in meeting local load requirements as well as in improving the power quality and stability in a modern power distribution system. Multiple microgrids can also be operated in a coordinated manner as a cluster, to improve the resiliency of the power distribution system. In the event of an outage caused by a transmission system failure, the microgrids in a cluster can use their distributed generation capacity and energy storage resources to recover and extend power availability to the critical loads in the system. In this paper, an illustrative cluster of two microgrids based on the IEEE 13-bus model with DERs has been used, to demonstrate the operation of the concept using real-time simulations. Using real-time simulations, capabilities such as switching reconfiguration following faults, identification of optimal DER placement for effective power quality management, and power electronic controller validation have been demonstrated. For the two-microgrid cluster, this paper also presents improvements in load voltage quality and

Chowdhury, Prithwiraj Roy↗
DOE OSTI2021

Transactive Energy Rationing in an Islanded Electric Power System

A battery energy storage system (BESS) has been installed on Nantucket Island to provide service continuity during the N-1 contingency of partial electricity supply interruption from the mainland. During the N-2 contingency of complete interruption from the mainland, most of the loads will have to be disconnected so that a combustion gas turbine (CTG) can supply critical facilities. This work proposes an alternative transactive rationing mechanism that would provide some service to all of the loads, and still fully serve the critical loads, through market-based control during the N-2 contingency. A BESS operating strategy is proposed that would enhance the transactive rationing mechanism. The necessary enabling changes to communication systems, controls and utility tariffs are discussed, along with some ancillary benefits.

transactive energy, power distribution, energy sto↗
DOE OSTI2022

SIW21-95: Hybridizing Synchronous Condensers with Grid-Forming Battery Energy Storage Systems

One of the main challenges associated with deployment of high shares of inverter-based resources (IBRs) in power grid is not only reduced system inertia but also degrading system strength that may cause severe stability impacts. A minimum level of system strength is needed for the power system to remain stable under normal conditions and to return to a steady state condition following a system disturbance. Significant system strength reduction is expected in almost all planned areas for solar and wind generation deployment. Synchronous condensers (SC) have been considered as one main technology to address the system strength issues for the areas with high levels of IBRs. SCs can help improving reliability and resiliency of power system but they do not provide the full range of services needed by power systems for reliable and economic integration of high shares of inverter-coupled variable generation such as PV generation. Services related to active power controls cannot be provided by SCs due to lack of prime mover. Even for provision of reactive power SCs have certain constraints based on their thermal and stability limits. NREL has been conducting research on a hybridized concept that combines SCs with grid forming (GFM) battery energy storage systems (BESS). This super flexible AC transmission system (SuperFACTS) that combines these two technologies in a single plant under the same controller offers a unique scalable set of services to the power system at all levels (transmission, sub-transmission, distribution, islands and isolated microgrids). Depending on use cases, SuperFACTS can be controlled to provide fully dispatchable and flexible operation using energy storage component, provide a full range of existing and future ancillary and reliability services to the grid (similar or better than conventional sources), maintain adequate levels of grid strength and inertia, and provide fault current for proper operation of protection systems. Therefore, this economic and easy to commercialize solution has potential for significant impacts on certain segments of global energy sector. All types of gird services (market based, reliability and resiliency) can be provided by SuperFACTS plants. GFM BESS can act as a self-black start source for each SuperFACTS module, which in turn can act a black start resource for co-located PV and wind power plants, segments of transmission and distribution networks, for conventional power plants, etc. The issue of in-rush currents during black start is addressed by overcurrent capability of SCs. In this paper we describe the results of modeling for SuperFACTS concept.

grid forming↗
DOE OSTI2022

Arbitrage and Capacity Firming in Coordination with Day-Ahead Bidding of a Hybrid PV Plant: Preprint

A hybrid PV plant (HPP) combines a photovoltaic (PV) plant with a battery energy storage system (BESS), which is considered a promising step towards the future of renewable power plants by the U.S. Department of Energy. When the renewable penetration reaches a significant level, a hybrid PV plant can bid in as a controllable thermal plant in the future electricity market. In this study, a bidding and BESS scheduling model is proposed for the HPP. The robust optimization (RO) technique has been utilized to identify the worst-case scenario of uncertainties during the bidding process. To address the overly conservative issue of the single-stage RO, we have decoupled the BESS schedule for arbitrage and PV capacity firming by a two-stage RO formulation. By comparing the output of single-stage RO and two-stage RO, the two-stage RO bids and schedules in a more aggressive manner, which increases the income of HPP. Also, the penalty of under-generation is considered in our model so that the day-ahead bidding decision and arbitrage schedules can be adjusted based on the potential UNDER-GENERATION penalty. Because the proposed model is non-convex and contains multi-stages, the Column-and-Constraint Generation (C&CG) algorithm is applied to the model as the solution. The proposed model has shown better economic performance compared to a state-of-art single-stage bidding method in case studies.

BESS scheduling↗
DOE OSTI2024

Rapid Detection of Anomalies in Battery Energy Storage System Data

Data analytics is pivotal in assessing the technical characteristics and performance of Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS), underpinning BESS modeling, optimization, and control. However, raw datasets frequently harbor anomalies from measurement errors and equipment malfunctions, impacting BESS reliability and analysis accuracy To address the challenge, this paper presents a novel methodology for the rapid detection of anomalous charge or discharge cycles within BESS operational data, expediting the cleaning process while ensuring data integrity. We’ve collected diverse and comprehensive real-world BESS operational datasets in collaboration with the Electric Power Research Institute and multiple Washington State utilities. These datasets serve dual roles: enabling comprehensive data exploration and analysis for understanding underlying challenges and method development, while also acting as a vital validation resource, demonstrating practical effectiveness. The proposed method detects anomalies and aids in their resolution, improving system performance characterization precision. It also reveals recurring data anomaly sources, offering insights for data collection and handling enhancement. Practitioners can gain valuable insights from the identified anomalous cycles in the real-world datasets along with the investigative process for root cause analyses and essential data cleaning steps.

Crawford, Aladsair J.↗
DOE OSTI2024

Is a Generator the Only Solution When the Grid Fails? Optimizing Systems for Resiliency and Carbon Reduction: Preprint

Traditionally, buildings are dependent on utility infrastructure, and when a grid failure happens, end users rely on the closest source of energy storage to sustain operation until power is restored. For buildings, that typically means using an electric generator. This electric generator either uses on-site energy storage such as fossil fuels in a tank or a gas connection which is, in turn, tied to gas wells—also a form of energy storage. Generators are popular for their ease of implementation and low capital costs; however, they have limited value outside of disruptions, and they are a source of scope 1 emissions, or direct greenhouse gas emissions from sources controlled by the building owner. In contrast, some power generation and storage systems, such as photovoltaic (PV) panels and battery energy storage systems (BESS), can serve the same purpose during grid disruptions while presenting advantages outside of power failure. This paper explores methods for storing and converting energy on-site to increase building resiliency, focusing on solutions that minimize scope 1 emissions. We analyze the cost and carbon impacts of energy efficiency measures, PV arrays, and BESS, with and without generators, in a simulation test case. We find significant benefits can be achieved both during and outside of power failure events when designing systems that integrate the on-demand capability of generators, the low carbon energy supplied by PV, and the storage capabilities of BESS. Specifically, adding even minimal BESS and PV can result in downsizing the generator, increasing generator efficiency and requiring less fuel.

ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATION↗
DOE OSTI2025

Cybersecurity for Digital Energy Infrastructure : Trends, Threats, and Cyber-Informed Engineering

This presentation discusses the rise in digital energy infrastructure and associated threats. It covers an in-depth risk assessment of digital energy equipment and provides real world examples of threats, vulnerabilities, and known incidents. Research conducted by INL assessing and addressing these risks follows, concluding with a dive into Cyber-Informed Engineering (CIE) and it's application to digital energy infrastructure, using battery energy storage systems (BESS) as an example.

24 - POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2024

PV-BESS DC-Series Integration for Regulated DC Systems

DC-series integration introduces a novel approach to seamlessly integrate a solar photovoltaic (PV) array and a battery energy storage (BES) in series. This system, referred to as the PV-integrated battery energy storage system—dc series (PVBESS-DCS), simplifies integration and enhances power density by leveraging the inherent voltage-source characteristics of batteries and adopting the concept of partial power processing. However, addressing voltage variations of a PV array and a BES under different operational conditions remains a challenge to apply the PVBESS-DCS to a regulated dc system, where the dc-bus voltage is fixed. This article proposes a PVBESS-DCS solution tailored for regulated dc systems. Within this framework, we present a controllable series voltage source compensating for the voltage differences between the PV and BES sources and the dc bus. Thus, the system can perform PV maximum power point tracking and curtailment control while charging and discharging BES and connected to a regulated dc bus. Additionally, we present a single-stage multiport partial power processing dc–dc converter designed for the proposed PVBESS-DCS. It utilizes a triple active bridge dc–dc converter topology. Finally, this article presents operating principles, control strategies, simulation results, and experimental findings of the proposed PVBESS-DCS for regulated dc systems.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Impacts of Control Set-Points on Battery Energy Storage Performance for Peak Shaving Application

This article presents the impact of battery energy storage system’s (BESS) control triggers on its performance during peak shaving application. With the increasing deployment of BESS for load leveling and grid capacity relief, the sensitivity of BESS performance to its set-points is yet to be investigated. Most utilities have defined thresholds for activating BESS control during peak demand leveling and baseload BESS charging. However, this study shows that without using optimal setpoints for control applications, the BESS can be under-utilized. Simulations results of the peak shaving algorithm implementation in 30-minute time step over a period of 10 years show the impact of different set-points on distribution transformer loading, line and system losses.

battery energy storage system↗
DOE OSTI2024

Battery Storage Unlocked: Lessons Learned From Emerging Economies

The Clean Energy Ministerial (CEM) is a global forum that promotes policies and programs that advance clean energy technology. The CEM's mission is to bring together a community of global leaders to scale clean energy, amplifying the impact to all the sectors of the economy and applying a whole-of-society approach to meet collective climate and clean energy goals. At COP28 in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, the CEM announced the Supercharging Battery Storage Initiative as a vehicle to accelerate battery storage deployment around the world. The initiative supports countries around the world in co-creating strategies that enhance policy, regulation, supply chain, manufacturing, and financing solutions for battery energy storage deployment. Additionally, the initiative seeks to reduce the cost of the technology and promote diversified, sustainable, and secure supply chains (CEM n.d.). Through international collaboration, the initiative supports the integration of renewable energy globally, while securing the stability and reliability of the electricity grid.

batteries↗
DOE OSTI2022

Multiport Control with Partial Power Processing in Solid-State Transformer for PV, Storage, and Fast-Charging Electric Vehicle Integration

This article proposes a multiport control method to enable partial power processing (PPP) in a medium-voltage (MV) multiport solid-state transformer (SST). MV multiport SSTs are promising in integrating low-voltage DC sources or loads such as solar photovoltaic, energy storage, and electric vehicles into smart grids without bulky line-frequency transformers. Compared to voltage-source SST, current-source (CS) SST features single-stage isolated bidirectional AC/AC, AC/DC, or DC/DC conversion using an inductive DC link. For a multiport CS SST, it is revealed in this article that the PPP capability can be enabled through the proposed control without extra hardware, different from the case of voltage-source converters where special hardware architecture is required for the PPP. With the PPP, most power exchange between LV ports is processed by only a fraction of the entire conversion stage, leading to reduced DC-link current, volume, loss, and improved efficiency. The proposed multiport PPP control scheme is analyzed to verify the advantages across a wide voltage and power range against conventional full power processing (FPP) multiport control, using the soft-switching solid-state transformer (S4T) with reduced conduction loss as an example. Comparative experimental results based on a SiC three-port S4T prototype verify the effectiveness of the proposed PPP scheme against the FPP scheme under both steady state and dynamic conditions. Here, the DC-link current reduction is measured to be more than 36%. Significantly, the proposed multiport PPP control scheme is generic and applicable to any hard-switching or soft-switching CS SSTs without extra hardware.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗