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DOE OSTI2025

Phase-field modeling of diffusion bonding in 316H stainless steel: Impact of processing conditions on grain morphology and bonding quality

A novel multi-phase, multi-component phase‐field model is presented to study the diffusion bonding of 316H stainless steel. Combined with targeted experimental investigations, this model simulates the bond-growth process and predicts the bonding quality. Unlike previous models, our approach captures the simultaneous evolution of voids and grain structures, while quantifying bonding quality using defined bonding ratio. A comprehensive analysis of bond process control is performed by changing temperature, pressure and surface roughness observing the resulting bond structure, which is consistent with experimental observations and analytical predictions. Temperature is determined to be the dominant factor, with the transition from a flat to a robust bond occurring between 1000 °C and 1050 °C. At the ideal bonding temperature of 1050 °C, a surface roughness exceeding 0.6 μm or an applied stress below 4 MPa results in poor bonding quality. Beyond this, higher pressures and smoother surfaces reduce void size, accelerate void shrinkage, and lead to improved bond integrity. This diffuse-interface model can be extended to other material systems if supplied with appropriate thermodynamic and kinetic data. In conclusion, this makes it an effective modeling platform for optimizing high-temperature diffusion bonding and developing reliable bonded components such as compact heat exchangers.

Diffusion bonding↗

DOE OSTI2025

Direct Imaging of Hydrogen‐Driven Dislocation and Strain Field Evolution in a Stainless Steel Grain

Hydrogen embrittlement (HE) poses a significant challenge to the durability of materials used in hydrogen production and utilization. Disentangling the competing nanoscale mechanisms driving HE often relies on simulations and electron-transparent sample techniques, limiting experimental insights into hydrogen-induced dislocation behavior in bulk materials. This study employs in situ Bragg coherent X-ray diffraction imaging to track three-dimensional (3D) dislocation and strain field evolution during hydrogen charging in a bulk grain of austenitic 316 stainless steel. Tracking a single dislocation reveals hydrogen-enhanced mobility and relaxation, consistent with dislocation dynamics simulations. Subsequent observations reveal dislocation unpinning and climb processes, likely driven by osmotic forces. Additionally, nanoscale strain analysis around the dislocation core directly measures hydrogen-induced elastic shielding. These findings experimentally validate theoretical predictions and offer mechanistic insights into hydrogen-driven dislocation behavior. The quantified nanoscale phenomena serve as critical inputs for multiscale modeling frameworks to predict bulk material responses and accelerate the development of HE-resistant alloys.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

DOE OSTI2025

Kernel methods for evolution of generalized parton distributions

Generalized parton distributions (GPDs) characterize the 3-dimensional structure of hadrons, combining information about their internal quark and gluon longitudinal momentum distributions and transverse position within the hadron. The dependence of GPDs on the factorization scale Q 2 allows one to connect hard exclusive processes involving GPDs at disparate energy and momentum scales, which is needed in global analyses of experimental data. Here, in this work, we explore how finite element methods can be used to construct fast and differentiable Q 2 evolution codes for GPDs in momentum space, which can be used in a machine learning framework. We show numerical benchmarks of the methods' accuracy, including a comparison to an existing evolution code from PARTONS/APFEL++, and provide a repository where the code can be accessed.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Geochemical-hydromechanical couplings during water-serpentinized harzburgite interactions at 20° C and 30 bars

Interaction of groundwater with the serpentinized harzburgites of the upper mantle plays an important role in the geologic carbon cycle and serpentinization processes. Here, in this study, an intact serpentinized harzburgite with more than 60% lizardite from the Semail ophiolite in Oman was reacted with water at near neutral pH and low PCO 2 to observe its dissolution behavior and reaction path within the CaO-MgO-SiO 2 -CO 2 -H 2 O system at 20 °C and 30 bars. In the experiment, mass (i.e. H 2 O, ions) transfer is by diffusion and the selected temperature and pressure conditions mimic water-rock interactions at the shallow portions of most ultramafic rock hosted aquifers. Equilibrium activity-activity diagrams and thermodynamic data were used to compare the experimentally determined reaction path with the theoretical stability boundaries for minerals involved to investigate the evolution of bulk chemical composition, mineralogy, and water composition. The experiments demonstrated that (i) the water-rock interactions increased the pH of the aqueous phase from 5.9 to 7.5 over a period of 18 weeks; (ii) the dissolution of lizardite, orthopyroxene (enstatite), and clinopyroxene (diopside and augite) increased the concentration of Mg, Ca, and Si in the aqueous phase; (iii) the dissolution was incongruent with respect to Mg and Si, favoring Si release at pH > 6 due to (a) breaking of more reactive cation‑oxygen bonds that is consistent with the stoichiometry of magnesium for proton exchange reaction which favors a surface that is enriched in Mg at basic conditions, and (b) preferential dissolution of clinopyroxene Mg 1.30 Ca 0.52 Fe 0.06 Si 2 O 6 ; (iv) the aqueous phase was undersaturated with respect to carbonate (e.g. calcite, magnesite, and hydromagnesite) and hydrous (e.g. lizardite, chrysotile, brucite, and talc) minerals; (v) the bulk chemical composition and mineralogy of the intact serpentinized harzburgite matrix did not change; (vi) the thermodynamic data can successfully predict water-intact serpentinized harzburgite behavior if the water chemical composition can be constrained; and (vii) no detectable macroscopic form of damage (e.g. microcracks forming as a result of differential stress fields due to changes in volume during chemical reaction) was observed.

Carbonation↗

DOE OSTI2024

Comparative Study on the Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production from the Layout Optimization in a Unit Cell

Solar-driven water splitting is achieved by connecting photovoltaics with electrolysis. Recently, integrated approaches of the two configurations for photoelectrochemical reactions have shown great potential in a combined unit, but strategies to address further material and cell development face significant scientific challenges. Here, in this work, we present an experimental demonstration of photoelectrochemical (PEC) unit-cells with efficient separate dual compartments for oxygen evolution and hydrogen evolution reactions. The design and fabrication of cell architectures with various degrees of integration are investigated efficient and sustainable PEC processes. The effect of the nanostructured silicon (Si) photoelectrodes, including the adoption of layer architectures, surface protection layer deposition, and membrane electrode assembly is further studied to optimize the design parameters of the PEC unit-cells. This developed PEC cell with the Si photocathode achieved a photocurrent density of -4.8 mA cm –2 at -2.0 V cell and -2.87 mA cm –2 at -1.6 V cell . It clearly provides a critical milestone for unbiased solar water splitting. Practical solar to hydrogen (STH) can be directly estimated in investigating PEC performance in this unit-cell as assembled with a solar cell. It is a significantly meaningful step forward in practical solar fuel production.

08 HYDROGEN↗

DOE OSTI2025

Modular Processing of Flare Gas for Carbon Nanoproducts

This project demonstrated the technical viability and economic promise of a modular system for converting flared natural gas into valuable carbon nanoproducts (CNPs) through catalytic chemical vapor deposition (CVD). All major project milestones were successfully completed, including reactor design and commissioning, catalyst development, process optimization, technoeconomic analysis, and application testing in concrete systems. The overarching goal was to create a scalable, field-deployable process that valorizes stranded methane by producing high-value carbon materials for use in cementitious composites. At the lab scale, the team designed and built a fluidized bed reactor optimized for use with silica fume-supported nickel catalysts synthesized via atomic layer deposition (ALD). A statistically designed sintering study enabled precise tuning of nickel nanoparticle size, identifying the influence of oxygen partial pressure, time, and temperature on catalyst morphology and performance. These insights allowed the team to target catalyst conditions that maximize carbon nanofilament growth. Subsequent CVD experiments achieved up to 31.8 wt% carbon deposition under optimized conditions, with TEM confirming the presence of nanofilament structures and sustained hydrogen evolution during reaction. Reactor upgrades and empirical fluidization studies supported the development of reliable, repeatable experimental protocols. The modular pilot-scale skid reactor was fully constructed, instrumented, and commissioned. Capable of operating at 675–800°C and pressures up to 290 psig, the system was designed for continuous operation at a carbon production rate of 1 kg/hr. Initial demonstration runs confirmed solids handling, thermal control, and system leak-tightness, although a critical reactor component (the downfeed tube) was inadvertently omitted during final assembly. This omission limited gas–solid contact and prevented meaningful carbon deposition during pilot-scale CVD runs. Nonetheless, the system operated safely under design conditions, and the root cause of performance limitations was clearly identified. Complementary work on UHPC formulations demonstrated that small additions of carbon nanoproducts, including those derived from flare gas, can significantly enhance mechanical performance while preserving workability. A comprehensive study of CNF dispersion techniques and mix design optimization led to a clear protocol for integrating these nanomaterials into concrete. Incorporation of CNPs improved flexural toughness and reduced porosity, supporting their use in high-performance infrastructure applications. A technoeconomic analysis (TEA) confirmed that this process can produce CNP-loaded catalyst material at a levelized cost below $\$$7/kg across a range of catalyst loadings and reaction yields. With estimated market values for the carbon composite product ranging from $\$$14 to over $\$$60/kg, and the ability to blend CNPs into concrete at sub-percent levels with less than 10% added cost, the system presents a compelling economic case. While additional engineering work is needed to optimize fluidization and heat transfer at scale, this project establishes a strong foundation for commercial development. The process is not only technically sound but also economically promising, representing a viable pathway for flare gas mitigation through modular carbon nanomaterial production.

03 NATURAL GAS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Multiscale modeling of metal-hydride interphases—quantification of decoupled chemo-mechanical energies

Abstract The quantification of interphase properties between metals and their corresponding hydrides is crucial for modeling the thermodynamics and kinetics of the hydrogenation processes in solid-state hydrogen storage materials. In particular, interphase boundary energies assume a pivotal role in determining the kinetics of nucleation, growth, and coarsening of hydrides, alongside accompanying morphological evolution during hydrogenation. The total interphase energy arises from both chemical bonding and mechanical strains in these solid-state systems. Since these contributions are usually coupled, it is challenging to distinguish via conventional computational approaches. Here, a comprehensive atomistic modeling methodology is developed to decouple chemical and mechanical energy contributions using first-principles calculations, of which feasibility is demonstrated by quantifying chemical and elastic strain energies of key interfaces within the FeTi metal-hydride system. Derived materials parameters are then employed for mesoscopic micromechanical analysis, predicting crystallographic orientations in line with experimental observations. The multiscale approach outlined verifies the importance of the chemo-mechanical interplay in the morphological evolution of growing hydride phases, and can be generalized to investigate other systems. In addition, it can streamline the design of atomistic models for the quantitative evaluation of interphase properties between dissimilar phases and allow for efficient predictions of their preferred phase boundary orientations.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2026

Building an AI-native Research Ecosystem for Experimental Particle Physics: A Community Vision

Experimental particle physics seeks to understand the universe by probing its fundamental particles and forces and exploring how they govern the large-scale processes that shape cosmic evolution. This whitepaper presents a vision for how Artificial Intelligence (AI) can accelerate discovery in this field. We outline grand challenges that must be addressed to enable transformative breakthroughs and describe how current and planned experimental facilities can implement this vision to advance our understanding of the vast and complex physical world from the smallest to the largest scales. We show how facilities currently under construction, such as the HL-LHC, DUNE and soon EIC, can both benefit from and serve as proving grounds for this vision, while also enabling a longer-term goal for how future experiments -- like FCC-ee at CERN, IceCube-Gen2, a Muon Collider in the U.S., and smaller to mid-scale projects -- can be fully AI-native. We describe how a truly national-scale collaboration, jointly managed across large funding partners, and involving both DOE laboratories and universities, can make this happen.

Aarrestad, Thea Klaeboe [ETH, Zurich (main)]↗

DOE OSTI2025

Heterogeneous fatigue damage in a nickel-based single-crystal superalloy unraveled using correlative 3D X-ray technology

Nickel-based single-crystal (Ni-SX) superalloys under cyclic stress are susceptible to cracking at stress-concentration sites, eventually leading to low-cycle fatigue (LCF) failure. LCF cracks typically originate from intrinsic defects (e.g., voids and carbides) within solidified dendrites. However, systematic quantitative experimental analyses of defect-mediated local damage remain limited. To thoroughly understand the microscopic origins and evolution of LCF damage, correlated 3D mapping of dendrites across various regions is essential. Here, in this study, macroscale micro-computed tomography (μ-CT) was initially used to capture internal interdendritic secondary cracks within bulk DD413 superalloy after LCF testing at 760 °C. Subsequently, a multimodal methodology combining synchrotron 3D microdiffraction (3D-μXRD), high-resolution μ-CT, and electron microscopy was established. This approach allowed precise localization of internal damage zones near interdendritic secondary cracks and detailed mapping of the 3D correlated distributions of dendrites, defects, and residual stress/strain fields within these zones at submicron spatial resolution. Finally, the same approach was applied to specimens subjected to interrupted loading at approximately 40 % of the fatigue life to uncover the early damage states of dendrites. The dendrite cores (DCs) and interdendritic regions (IDs) exhibit microscale heterogeneous mechanical responses: nearly defect-free DCs accumulate local irreversible slip along specific slip systems to generate slip bands, while the IDs containing various defects accommodate local microplasticity through the activation of multiple slip systems around these defects. The local tensile stress near defects in the IDs exceeds that in the DC slip band regions by more than threefold, leading to the generation of local damage zones within the IDs. Chain-like defect distributions facilitate the interconnection of these local zones into a continuous damage region, further elevating the overall tensile stress in the IDs. Additionally, geometrically necessary dislocations alone are insufficient as indicators of LCF damage; both the internal stress state and its magnitude must be considered. These experimental results provide critical data and insights for the development of multi-physics fatigue models.

Localized deformation↗

DOE OSTI2024

Revisiting the electrochemical reduction of CO 2 on Au 25 (SR)$\overline{_{18}}$ nanocluster

Experiments show that Au25(SR)$\overline{_{18}}$ is a potential electrocatalyst for the electrochemical reduction of CO 2 , but elucidation of the reaction mechanisms remain challenging experimentally. We evaluate key steps in the active site formation, CO 2 reduction, and H 2 evolution on the nanocluster employing density functional theory coupled with an explicit solvent model of the electrochemical interface to calculate activation barriers. The predicted preferred pathway for activating the nanocluster involves dethiolation, resulting in an exposed Au site that is both active and selective for CO 2 reduction. Finally, the alternative S site is found to be kinetically prohibitive and does not facilitate CO 2 reduction.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2025

Coupling of Charge Regulation and Geometry in Soft Ionizable Molecular Assemblies

The size, shape, and charge of structures, such as proteins and amphiphile assemblies, respond in an interconnected manner to solution ionic conditions. Here, we analyze assemblies of an amphiphile (C 16 K 2 ), with two ionizable amino acids [lysine (K)] coupled to a 16-carbon alkyl tail, via small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), nonlinear Poisson–Boltzmann theory (nl-PB), and hybrid Monte Carlo-molecular dynamics (MC-MD) simulations. SAXS revealed structural transitions from spherical micelles to cylindrical micelles to bilayers with increasing pH. By combining SAXS-determined structural information and nl-PB, we derived the molecular degree of ionization as a function of pH. The back-calculated titration curves matched the experimental data over an extended pH range, without adjustable parameters. Similarly, the SAXS data on the evolution of spherical micelle structure with ionic strength were combined with nl-PB and MC-MD to derive the bare and effective charges. MC-MD, which considered finite ion sizes, showed that bare and effective charges saturate quickly with increasing salt concentration. Furthermore, the calculated effective charges closely matched results from Zeta-potential measurements. The presented approach has advantages over customary methods for charge regulation, such as the Henderson–Hasselbalch (HH) or Hill models, where molecular ionization/deionization in assemblies is described by effective pKs that are distinct from the pK for isolated molecules. However, these models lack a physical explanation for these pK shifts. By contrast, our approach of combining structural details with an electrostatic model and simulations provides a more intuitive understanding of structure-charge coupling and a framework for understanding charge regulation in many synthetic and biological systems.

ionization↗

DOE OSTI2025

Chromium versus Aluminum: Impact of Nickel Alloy Composition and Interfacial Kinetics on High-Temperature Passivating Oxide Formation

High-temperature corrosion resistance depends critically on the formation of a passivating surface oxide, which is highly sensitive to alloy composition and structure. Such details often elude experimental investigation, and simplified analytical models fail to provide a truly chemical view of passivating oxide evolution. Here, we explicitly compare the fundamental chemistry of Cr and Al as prototypical passivating elements in Ni alloys by directly simulating competing reaction and diffusion processes within the oxide film using kinetic Monte Carlo and density functional theory. We find that the origin and expression of passivating behavior during early-stage thermal oxidation are qualitatively different between the two alloy systems. Ni–Cr alloys feature a sudden onset of passivation associated with a sharp phase transition upon Cr enrichment that directly couples oxidation kinetics to phase transformation behavior. In contrast, Ni–Al alloys display more continuous oxide phase variation with Al enrichment, ultimately resulting in a lower composition threshold for passivation and a thinner passivating layer. In addition, we elucidate the nonobvious role of metal exchange within the alloy near the oxide boundary, which fundamentally alters film composition and passivating behavior. Furthermore, our results have key implications for engineering improved corrosion-resistant alloys, both in terms of compositional variation and processing.

Alloys↗

DOE OSTI2024

Hard jet substructure in a multistage approach

We present predictions and postdictions for a wide variety of hard jet-substructure observables using a multistage model within the framework. The details of the multistage model and the various parameter choices are described in []. A novel feature of this model is the presence of two stages of jet modification: a high-virtuality phase [modeled using the modular all twist transverse-scattering elastic-drag and radiation model ()], where modified coherence effects diminish medium-induced radiation, and a lower virtuality phase [modeled using the linear Boltzmann transport model ()], where parton splits are fully resolved by the medium as they endure multiple scattering induced energy loss. Energy-loss calculations are carried out on event-by-event viscous fluid dynamic backgrounds constrained by experimental data. The uniform and consistent descriptions of multiple experimental observables demonstrate the essential role of modified coherence effects and the multistage modeling of jet evolution. Using the best choice of parameters from [], and with no further tuning, we present calculations for the medium modified jet fragmentation function, the groomed jet momentum fraction z g and angular separation r g distributions, as well as the nuclear modification factor of groomed jets. These calculations provide accurate descriptions of published data from experiments at the Large Hadron Collider. Furthermore, we provide predictions from the multistage model for future measurements at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2025

Effects of Minor Alloying Elements and Impurities on Long-Range Ordering in Ni-Cr-Based Alloys

There is growing concern about long-range ordered Ni2Cr phase forming during thermal aging of Ni-Cr-based alloys (e.g., 690, 625), which leads to lattice contraction, hardening, and embrittlement, possibly limiting the service life of light water reactor components. The timespan when this phase transformation occurs can vary in orders of magnitude between model and commercial alloys and is likely related to the presence of major (e.g., Fe, Mo) and minor alloying elements (e.g., Ti, Si, Nb). These minor alloying elements have been hypothesized to bind with vacancies and therefore limit diffusion. Contrarily, impurities (e.g., P, S) are believed to enhance vacancy diffusion and accelerate the Ni2Cr phase transformation because of a vacancy drag mechanism. This study implements experimental isothermal aging of model Ni-Cr binary and Ni-Cr-X ternary alloys, where X is Ti, Si, Nb, and P to help understand how each minor alloying element affects the Ni2Cr phase transformation timeline. Synchrotron-based X-ray diffraction and hardness measurements are used to quantify the evolution of the Ni2Cr phase transformation through a variety of short aging times to identify the onset of long-range order. These experimental results are compared to first principles simulations from literature to understand the mechanism by which each element impacts vacancy diffusion and the formation of the long-range ordered phase, Ni2Cr.

36 - MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2026

Beam Performance of the Positron Transport Line for CEBAF Positron Upgrade

The Low Energy Recirculator Facility (LERF) at Jefferson Lab, formerly operated for the Free-Electron Laser program, has been proposed as the injector complex for the planned 12 GeV CEBAF positron upgrade (Ce+BAF), with an additional pathway to support a potential 22 GeV CEBAF electron upgrade. In this configuration, LERF would generate and pre-accelerate positrons to 123 MeV, matching the present injection energy into the North Linac. Due to the relatively large emittance expected from the positron source, a comprehensive acceptance study has been performed from LERF through the CEBAF recirculating linacs and beam transport lines to the experimental halls. The objective is to establish the positron phase-space acceptance and provide design feedback to the positron production and capture systems. Furthermore, given CEBAF’s capability to deliver highly polarized beams, spin-tracking simulations have been carried out including magnet imperfections, alignment errors, and synchrotron-radiation–induced energy spread. Particular attention is given to the evolution of the spin tune and the corresponding depolarization mechanisms along the beam delivery path, especially for providing longitudinal polarization at the experimental halls. These results inform injector design choices and assess the overall feasibility of delivering high-polarization positron beams in CEBAF.

Ogur, S. [Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Fa↗

DOE OSTI2024

In situ study of microstructure evolution and α → ω phase transition in annealed and pre-deformed Zr under hydrostatic loading

The detailed study of the effect of the initial microstructure on its evolution under hydrostatic compression before, during, and after the irreversible α → ω phase transformation and during pressure release in Zr using in situ x-ray diffraction is presented. Two samples were studied: one is plastically pre-deformed Zr with saturated hardness and the other is annealed. Phase transformation α → ω initiates at lower pressure for a pre-deformed sample but for a volume fraction of ω Zr, c > 0.7, a larger volume fraction is observed for the annealed sample. This implies that the proportionality between the athermal resistance to the transformation and the yield strength in the continuum phase transformation theory is invalid; an advanced version of the theory is outlined. Phenomenological plasticity theory under hydrostatic loading is outlined in terms of microstructural parameters, and plastic strain is estimated. During transformation, the first rule is suggested, i.e., the average domain size, microstrain, and dislocation density in ω Zr for c < 0.8 are functions of the volume fraction, c of ω Zr only, which are independent of the plastic strain tensor prior to transformation and pressure. The microstructure is not inherited during phase transformation. Surprisingly, for the annealed sample, the final dislocation density and the average microstrain after pressure release in the ω phase are larger than for the severely pre-deformed sample. The results suggest that an extended experimental basis is required for the predictive models for the combined pressure-induced phase transformations and microstructure evolutions.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2024

Correlated topological flat bands in rhombohedral graphite

Flat bands and nontrivial topological physics are two important topics of condensed matter physics. With a unique stacking configuration analogous to the Su–Schrieffer–Heeger model, rhombohedral graphite (RG) is a potential candidate for realizing both flat bands and nontrivial topological physics. Here, in this study, we report experimental evidence of topological flat bands (TFBs) on the surface of bulk RG, which are topologically protected by bulk helical Dirac nodal lines via the bulk-boundary correspondence. Moreover, upon in situ electron doping, the surface TFBs show a splitting with exotic doping evolution, with an order-of-magnitude increase in the bandwidth of the lower split band, and pinning of the upper band near the Fermi level. These experimental observations together with Hartree–Fock calculations suggest that correlation effects are important in this system. Our results demonstrate RG as a platform for investigating the rich interplay between nontrivial band topology, correlation effects, and interaction-driven symmetry-broken states.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2024

DECOVALEX-2023: Task G, SAFENET Final Report

DECOVALEX Task G deals with fracture mechanics at several scales using a combined approach of experimental work, related model development, benchmarking and experimental analysis. Fig. 0.1 provides a graphical abstract for Task G. The experimental basis for the related mechanical (M), hydro-mechanical (HM), and thermo-mechanical (TM) processes comes from the rock mechanics laboratories of Universities of Freiberg (TUBAF) and Edinburgh, as well as the Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology (KICT). The experimental work in the rock laboratories is closely linked to the underground research laboratories (URLs) Reiche Zeche (Germany), KURT (Korea), and Mont Terri (Switzerland). The scientific key questions are related to fracture permeability evolution under THM conditions, anisotropy effects on fracturing processes, and thermal fracture slip, which are being addressed in specific steps of the task. A large variety of numerical methods have been developed and applied for experimental analysis, ranging from continuum to discontinuum approaches. A detailed comparison of mechanical and hydro-mechanical processes is given in the section 3 via the benchmarking exercises. As a result of DECOVALEX-2023 Task G we further improved our understanding and predictability of fracturing processes under THM conditions. This was based on robust numerical simulation methods and in-depth experimental analysis.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗