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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 145 records · Page 8

Neural Network Control of a Magnetically Suspended Rotor System

Magnetic bearings offer significant advantages because they do not come into contact with other parts during operation, which can reduce maintenance. Higher speeds, no friction, no lubrication, weight reduction, precise position control, and active damping make them far superior to conventional contact bearings. However, there are technical barriers that limit the application of this technology in industry. One of them is the need for a nonlinear controller that can overcome the system nonlinearity and uncertainty inherent in magnetic bearings. At the NASA Lewis Research Center, a neural network was selected as a nonlinear controller because it generates a neural model without any detailed information regarding the internal working of the magnetic bearing system. It can be used even for systems that are too complex for an accurate system model to be derived. A feed-forward architecture with a back-propagation learning algorithm was selected because of its proven performance, accuracy, and relatively easy implementation.

Choi, Benjamin B.↗

Pathfinding for Airspace with Autonomous Vehicles (PAAV) + m:N Tabletop

The Pathfinding for Airspace with Autonomous Vehicles (PAAV) project is investigating how to integrate increasingly autonomous aircraft into the current air traffic management system. The project aims to help develop airspace procedures and technologies that are scalable to future autonomous operations. The purpose of this brief is to inform a working group on past and future PAAV efforts. The working group specializes in "m:N" operations, which refers to remote operations where one or more ground-based pilots cooperatively control multiple unmanned aircraft. The PAAV team will detail an upcoming tabletop exercise that is designed to elicit feedback from subject matter experts on current barriers to m:N operations for unmanned cargo operations and potential solutions to those obstacles. The working group will be given an opportunity to provide feedback on the objectives and methodology to be used in the PAAV tabletop exercise.

autonomous↗

xTM - ATM Coordination - Knowledge Elicitation Results: xTM Operational Domain

Crown Consulting Inc. has been tasked by NASA to elicit information from operators, vehicle manufacturers, and service suppliers on the expected xTM-ATC coordination. For this presentation, first, an introduction for the task and the process is discussed. The second part of the presentation will go through the results which are broken up into the participant company types that we interviewed to elicit feedback on the issues / barriers associated with the introduction of new vehicles and their system (called xTM) into the National Airspace System. The company types are HAPS (Balloons/HALE), sUAS, Large UAS, UAM, Supersonics, and Supporting Technology Providers.

xTM-ATM coordination↗

Composite Overwrapped Pressure Vessels, A Primer

Due to the extensive amount of detailed information that has been published on composite overwrapped pressure vessels (COPVs), this document has been written to serve as a primer for those who desire an elementary knowledge of COPVs and the factors affecting composite safety. In this application, the word "composite" simply refers to a matrix of continuous fibers contained within a resin and wrapped over a pressure barrier to form a vessel for gas or liquid containment. COPVs are currently used at NASA to contain high pressure fluids in propulsion, science experiments, and life support applications. They have a significant weight advantage over all metal vessels but require unique design, manufacturing, and test requirements. COPVs also involve a much more complex mechanical understanding due to the interplay between the composite overwrap and the inner liner. A metallic liner is typically used in a COPV as a fluid permeation barrier. The liner design concepts and requirements have been borrowed from all-metal vessels. However, application of metallic vessel design standards to a very thin liner is not straightforward. Different failure modes exist for COPVs than for all-metal vessels, and understanding of these failure modes is at a much more rudimentary level than for metal vessels.

McLaughlan, Pat B.↗

Satellite Data of Atmospheric Pollution for U.S. Air Quality Applications: Examples of Applications, Summary of Data End-user Resources, Answers to Faqs, and Common Mistakes to Avoid

Satellite data of atmospheric pollutants are becoming more widely used in the decision-making and environmental management activities of public, private sector and non-profit organizations. They are employed for estimating emissions, tracking pollutant plumes, supporting air quality forecasting activities, providing evidence for "exceptional event" declarations, monitoring regional long-term trends, and evaluating air quality model output. However, many air quality managers are not taking full advantage of the data for these applications nor has the full potential of satellite data for air quality applications been realized. A key barrier is the inherent difficulties associated with accessing, processing, and properly interpreting observational data. A degree of technical skill is required on the part of the data end-user, which is often problematic for air quality agencies with limited resources. Therefore, we 1) review the primary uses of satellite data for air quality applications, 2) provide some background information on satellite capabilities for measuring pollutants, 3) discuss the many resources available to the end-user for accessing, processing, and visualizing the data, and 4) provide answers to common questions in plain language.

remote sensing↗

Satellite Data of Atmospheric Pollution for U.S. Air Quality Applications: Examples of Applications, Summary of Data End-User Resources, Answers to FAQs, and Common Mistakes to Avoid

Satellite data of atmospheric pollutants are becoming more widely used in the decision-making and environmental management activities of public, private sector and non-profit organizations. They are employed for estimating emissions, tracking pollutant plumes, supporting air quality forecasting activities, providing evidence for "exceptional event" declarations, monitoring regional long-term trends, and evaluating air quality model output. However, many air quality managers are not taking full advantage of the data for these applications nor has the full potential of satellite data for air quality applications been realized. A key barrier is the inherent difficulties associated with accessing, processing, and properly interpreting observational data. A degree of technical skill is required on the part of the data end-user, which is often problematic for air quality agencies with limited resources. Therefore, we 1) review the primary uses of satellite data for air quality applications, 2) provide some background information on satellite capabilities for measuring pollutants, 3) discuss the many resources available to the end-user for accessing, processing, and visualizing the data, and 4) provide answers to common questions in plain language.

Duncan, Bryan↗

Human-system Interaction Issues and Proposed Solutions To Promote Successful Maturation of the UTM System

Over five years, NASA, together with partnering organizations, has been developing and successfully demonstrating the maturing capabilities of the Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Traffic Management (UTM) system and its ability to support communication and coordination among small UAS operations through a series of flight tests. During these flight tests, human-system interaction (HSI) elements were also explored in order to identify the barriers to implementation as human operators transitionally fulfill roles that will be ultimately tasked to future automation. Throughout the tests, similar issues were regularly documented and are expected to persist if not formally addressed by consistent procedures or regulation. Documented here, along with suggested mitigations, are the most frequently noted HSI items, which include operator training, data standardization, and information quantity.

UTM↗

Human-system interaction issues and proposed solutions to promote successful maturation of the UTM system

Over five years, NASA, together with partnering organizations, has been developing and successfully demonstrating the maturing capabilities of the Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Traffic Management (UTM) system and its ability to support communication and coordination among small UAS operations through a series of flight tests. During these flight tests, human-system interaction (HSI) elements were also explored in order to identify the barriers to implementation as human operators transitionally fulfill roles that will be ultimately tasked to future automation. Throughout the tests, similar issues were regularly documented and are expected to persist if not formally addressed by consistent procedures or regulation. Documented here, along with suggested mitigations, are the most frequently noted HSI items, which include operator training, data standardization, and information quantity.

UTM↗

Studying Human-System Interaction within the UTM System

Over five years, NASA, together with partnering organizations, has been developing and successfully demonstrating the maturing capabilities of the Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Traffic Management (UTM) system and its ability to support communication and coordination among small UAS operations through a series of flight tests. During these flight tests, human-system interaction (HSI) elements were also explored in order to identify the barriers to implementation as human operators transitionally fulfill roles that will be ultimately tasked to future automation. Throughout the tests, similar issues were regularly documented and are expected to persist if not formally addressed by consistent procedures or regulation. Documented here, along with suggested mitigations, are the most frequently noted HSI items, which include operator training, data standardization, and information quantity. .

UTM↗

Studying Human-System Interaction with the UTM System

Over five years, NASA, together with partnering organizations, has been developing and successfully demonstrating the maturing capabilities of the Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Traffic Management (UTM) system and its ability to support communication and coordination among small UAS operations through a series of flight tests. During these flight tests, human-system interaction (HSI) elements were also explored in order to identify the barriers to implementation as human operators transitionally fulfill roles that will be ultimately tasked to future automation. Throughout the tests, similar issues were regularly documented and are expected to persist if not formally addressed by consistent procedures or regulation. Documented here, along with suggested mitigations, are the most frequently noted HSI items, which include operator training, data standardization, and information quantity.

UTM↗

Comparing and Contrasting Detectors: JWST NIR vs HST WFC3

In many ways, WFC3s IR channel is a good indicator for what to expect with JWST. There are some differences, most of which should be beneficial in JWST- JWSTs lower operating temperature will freeze out charge traps that would affect WFC3. Benefits should include lower dark current, lower persistence, and better reciprocity- JWSTs more recent HgCdTe process has lower defect density. The benefits are as described above- JWST uses better indium barriers. The benefits should include fewer RC type pixels. One area where more study might be beneficial is stability. The detector electronics play a significant role in determining how stable a detector system is(v.s. bias drifts and photometry). JWSTs SIDECARs are completely WFC3s Ball electronics- Studies comparing the bias and photometric stability of WFC3 and JWST might be useful to informing data acquisition and calibration strategies for JWST.

NIR↗

Application of Data Cubes for Improving Detection of Water Cycle Extreme Events

As part of an ongoing NASA-funded project to remove a longstanding barrier to accessing NASA data (i.e., accessing archived time-step array data as point-time series), for the hydrology and other point-time series-oriented communities, "data cubes" are created from which time series files (aka "data rods") are generated on-the-fly and made available as Web services from the Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC). Data cubes are data as archived rearranged into spatio-temporal matrices, which allow for easy access to the data, both spatially and temporally. A data cube is a specific case of the general optimal strategy of reorganizing data to match the desired means of access. The gain from such reorganization is greater the larger the data set. As a use case of our project, we are leveraging existing software to explore the application of the data cubes concept to machine learning, for the purpose of detecting water cycle extreme events, a specific case of anomaly detection, requiring time series data. We investigate the use of support vector machines (SVM) for anomaly classification. We show an example of detection of water cycle extreme events, using data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM).

water cycle extreme events↗

Computer modeling of solar wind interaction with Venus and Mars

The fundamental ideas, successes, and shortcomings of fluid models based on MHD theory for the interaction of the solar wind and a planetary magnetic field and/or atmosphere are reviewed, with special attention to applications to Venus and Mars. An account, including new quantitative results, is given of a number of enhancements of a basic gasdynamic convected field approximation to the magnetohydrodynamic model that incorporate features of solar wind flow past a planet not treated previously. These permit solutions to be calculated for 3D, as opposed to axisymmetric, obstacle shapes, the effects of a magnetic barrier region just exterior to the ionopause, the complete MHD equations for the special case in which the interplanetary magnetic field is aligned with the flow, the effects of mass loading by pickup of ions newly created by photoionization of atmospheric neutrals, and for the unsteady effects associated with the passage of an interplanetary shock wave. Particular emphasis is placed on the information furnished by these models that can be compared with observations, and conversely on the observational data that provide critical tests of the models.

Spreiter, John R.↗

Electric utility companies and geothermal power

The requirements of the electric utility industry as the primary potential market for geothermal energy are analyzed, based on a series of structured interviews with utility companies and financial institution executives. The interviews were designed to determine what information and technologies would be required before utilities would make investment decisions in favor of geothermal energy, the time frame in which the information and technologies would have to be available, and the influence of the governmental politics. The paper describes the geothermal resources, electric utility industry, its structure, the forces influencing utility companies, and their relationship to geothermal energy. A strategy for federal stimulation of utility investment in geothermal energy is suggested. Possibilities are discussed for stimulating utility investment through financial incentives, amelioration of institutional barriers, and technological improvements.

Pivirotto, D. S.↗

Measuring Metapopulation Characteristics of the Southeastern Beach Mouse on Kennedy Space Center using a Dynamic Habitat Occupancy Approach

The Cape Canaveral Barrier Island Complex (CCBIC) represents the largest (72 km) continuous coastal habitat supporting the core population of the threatened southeastern beach mouse (Peromyscus polionotus niveiventris) in Florida. Despite protection throughout the subspecies’ remaining range, storm activity during the past two decades has de-stabilized coastal dune and coastal strand habitat required for beach mouse survival. Our long-term goal is to provide information to the management process to ensure a sustainable population on the CCBIC in light of sea-level rise, extreme storm events, and continued land development supporting the multi-user spaceport.Because beach mice populations are affected by storms (hurricanes, tropical storms, nor’easters), it is important to understand the species-habitat relations during periods with and without storm impacts. Conventional wisdom is that coastal dune and coastal strand are the preferred habitats, but coastal scrub habitat may be important because it is less affected by storm impacts (e.g., overwash, escarpment, sand deposition, etc.) and thus may serve as a refugia. In addition, genetic studies have shown some evidence for reduced dispersal between regions on CCBIC (Kalkvik et al., 2012; Zimmerman et al., 2015). We compared site occupancy dynamics for coastal dune, coastal strand, and coastal scrub habitat over three quarters (seasons) and determined the pattern of spatial correlation in habitat occupancy dynamics for locations at a range of distances in coastal dune, coastal strand, and coastal scrub habitats along the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) coastline (Figures1 and 2). Although habitat occupancy is very useful for understanding species-habitat relationships,in its simplest form it ignores differences in abundance between sites. Because information on abundance may inform management efforts and provide knowledge regarding status of the population, we tested measuring abundance state based on the number of detections in tracking tubes. Small mammal populations often fluctuate in a cyclic manner over time. These fluctuations make populations more susceptible to extinction and make trend detection more difficult. Efficient methods of measuring abundance across time and space are needed for monitoring trends.The purpose of this project was to:1.Estimate southeastern beach mouse habitat occupancy parameters in coastal dune, coastal strand, and coastal scrub habitats using a combination of tracking tubes and traps; 2.Model the spatial relationships of the effect of habitat (coastal dune, coastal strand, and coastal scrub) on parameters as a function of distance; and 3.Compare the reliability and efficiency of our survey methods and evaluate the potential to develop an abundance index.

Eric Douglas Stolen↗

Technical Note: NASAaccess – A Tool for Access, Reformatting, and Visualization of Remotely Sensed Earth Observation and Climate Data

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has launched a new initiative, the Open-Source Science Initiative (OSSI), to enable and support science towards openness. The OSSI supports open-source software development and dissemination. In this work, we present NASAaccess, which is an open-source software package and web-based environmental modeling application for earth observation data accessing, reformatting, and presenting quantitative data products. The main objective of developing the NASAaccess platform is to facilitate exploration, modeling, and understanding of earth data for scientists, stakeholders, and concerned citizens whose objectives align with the new OSSI goals. The NASAaccess platform is available as software packages (i.e., the R and conda packages) as well as an interactive-format web-based environmental modeling application for earth observation data developed with Tethys Platform. NASAaccess has been envisioned as lowering the technical barriers and simplifying the process of accessing scalable distributed computing resources and leveraging additional software for data and computationally intensive modeling frameworks. Specifically, NASAaccess has been developed to meet the need for seamless earth observation remote-sensing and climate data ingestion into various hydrological modeling frameworks. Moreover, NASAaccess is also contributing to keeping interested parties and stakeholders engaged with environmental modeling, accessing the information available in various remote-sensing products. NASAaccess' current capabilities cover various NASA datasets and products that include the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) data products, the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) land surface states and fluxes, and the NASA Earth Exchange Global Daily Downscaled Projections (NEX-GDDP) Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) and Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) climate change dataset products.

Ibrahim Nourein Mohammed↗

Integrated Systems Engineering, Safety, Reliability and Risk Management – Minimizing Black Swan Events

This paper examines key barriers that can possibly inhibit safe and reliable mission execution and, in the worst case, result in loss of human life due to many unknown contributory factors that can lead to Black Swan events. Some of the representative contributory factors include decision errors, overconfidence and a host of common causes including cultural and human factors. Decisions are always easy to criticize in hindsight when more information is available after a major accident. Depending on the type and complexity of the project and/or mission, the catastrophic risks of drifting into failure can be alleviated by implementing uniquely and strategically tailored Integrated-System-of-Systems, dynamic, risk-informed decision management processes. This paper presents some of the lessons learned from James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), NASA’s Human Space Flight program, and industry that provide motivation to organizations working on mega-complex missions to prudently accomplish targeted mission success. These lessons are important for future human Lunar, Mars and Beyond missions planned to be pursued by NASA through a public-private partnership using nimble but effective safety-conscious, proven sound engineering practices including implementation of integrated risk mitigation practices.

SLS↗

A Boom in Boomerangs

Ted Bailey, a highly-ranked international boomerang designer and thrower, used information from a variety of NASA technical reports on aerodynamics and low-speed airfoils to design more competitive boomerangs. Because the boomerang is essentially an airfoil like an airplane wing, the technology transferred effectively and even contributed to the 1981 American victory over Australian throwers. In 1985, using four NASA reports, Bailey designed a new MTA (maximum time aloft) boomerang that broke the one-minute barrier, enabled throwers to throw and catch in less than three minutes and allowed competitors to complete the difficult "Super Catch" - five throw/catch sequences after launching the original boom while it is still aloft. Bailey is now considering other boomerang applications.

Source record↗