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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 145 records · Page 8
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

Demonstration of Electron Cooling using a Pulsed Beam from an Electrostatic Electron Cooler

Electron cooling continues to be an invaluable technique to reduce and maintain the emittance in hadron storage rings in cases where stochastic cooling is inefficient and radiative cooling is negligible. Extending the energy range of electron coolers beyond what is feasible with the conventional, electrostatic approach necessitates the use of RF fields for acceleration and, thus, a bunched electron beam. To experimentally investigate how the relative time structure of the two beams affects the cooling properties, we have set up a pulsed-beam cooling device by adding a synchronized pulsing circuit to the conventional electron source of the CSRm cooler at Institute of Modern Physics *. We show the effect of the electron bunch length and longitudinal ion focusing strength on the temporal evolution of the longitudinal and transverse ion beam profile and demonstrate the detrimental effect of timing jitter as predicted by theory and simulations. Compared to actual RF-based coolers, the simplicity and flexibility of our setup will facilitate further investigations of specific aspects of bunched cooling such as synchro-betatron coupling and phase dithering.

Bruker, M. W.↗
DOE OSTI2023

The Fermilab Holometer: A program to measure Planck scale indeterminacy

We propose an experiment at Fermilab to study a conjectured effect called "holographic noise" that may arise from new Planck scale physics: the measured positions of bodies may wander randomly from ideal geodesics of classical relativity, in measurement-dependent directions, by about a Planck length per Planck time. The experiment will search for this holographic jitter in the relation of mass-energy and space-time by looking for correlated phase noise between two neighboring 40 meter interferometers. The goal of the experiment is to provide convincing evidence for or against the hypothesis that relative transverse positions of bodies display this particular new kind of quantum noise, whose power spectrum is independent of frequency and has a spectral density determined only by the Planck time. A positive result of the experiment would be a major step forward in understanding the emergence of space time and mass-energy from a unified theory of spacetime and quantum mechanics. A negative result will impact the macroscopic interpretation of unified theories.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2023

Complete spectroscopy in the attosecond regime

Harnessing light waveforms at attosecond time scales provides information of the structure and dynamics of matter on it's natural time scales. For this reason attosecond metrology has been at the forefront of the optical sciences for more than a decade, and it represents the latest time-domain frontier of the quantum world. Attosecond light pulses are commonly generated using higher-order harmonic generation (HHG) , a process capable of generating XUV coherent pulses. In addition to generate attosecond pulses, HHG can be used to study the structure and dynamics of atoms and molecules by analyzing the spectral content of the XUV pulses. This approach is known as HHG spectroscopy and it provides a coherent, time-dependent approach to study structure and dynamics in the quantum world. In this proposal we will generate harmonics from two optical foci produced by a system of a two-dimensional spatial light modulator (SLM) and a lens. In the far eld the train of attosecond pulses will interfere creating harmonic-dependent fringes. The position of such fringes is a direct measurement of the relative phase between the two foci and they also carry information about the quantum state of the target atom or molecule. Therefore, by measuring the amplitude and relative phase of the emitted harmonics we will have access to both, the amplitude and phase of the dipole moments of the studied target. Because the two beams are completely indistinguishable from each other up to a few millimeters from the focus, both driving pulses share the exact beam path. So far we have measured a jitter of 700 zeptoseconds with a 12.5 attosecond resolution in the delay control of the two foci. These two time scales represent some of the best time controls ever achieved to date.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Space Charge Dominated Momentum Spread and Compensation Strategies in the Post-Linac Section of Proton Improvement Plan-II at Fermilab

The upcoming Proton Improvement Plan-II (PIP-II), designated for enhancements to the Fermilab accelerator complex, features a Beam Transfer Line (BTL) that channels the beam from the linac exit to the booster. In the absence of longitudinal focusing beyond the superconducting linac, the beam experiences an elevated momentum spread, primarily due to nonlinear space-charge forces, surpassing the allowable limit of 2.1e-4. This study presents a detailed examination of the space-charge-induced momentum spread and outlines mitigative strategies. The investigation includes the fine-tuning of a de-buncher cavity, analyzed in terms of operating frequency, longitudinal location, and gap voltage, under both standard and perturbed beam conditions—specifically accounting for momentum jitter and energy variation. The impact of buncher cavity misalignments on the beam's longitudinal phase space is also assessed. The paper concludes by recommending an optimized cavity configuration to effectively mitigate the observed increase in momentum spread along the BTL.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Flattening the Field during Injection in the Fermilab Booster using Dipole Corrector Magnets

The FNAL Booster is a fast cycling 15 Hz resonant circuit synchrotron accelerating proton beam from 400 MeV to 8 GeV. The linac pulse injected into the Booster is ˜32 usec long and fills the ring by multi-turn charge-exchange injection. As part of the PIP-II project, the Booster injection energy and repetition rate will be increased to 800 MeV and 20 Hz respectively. Due to much reduced average current in the new superconducting PIP-II linac, the injection time will increase to 550us. A shorter machine cycle coupled to a longer injection time make flattening the injection porch B-field during injection important requirement for successful PIP-II operation. We aim to achieve: (1) flattening of the net bending during injection using dipole correctors, and (2) using a new system based on an Altera FPGA board, reduction of the cycle-to-cycle bending field variation caused by current jitter in the Gradient Magnet Power Supply (GMPS). While the flat injection scheme is essential to future PIP-II operations, it should also noticeably improve efficiency for present HEP operations.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Performance of Pixel and Strip AC-LGAD Sensors with Different Design Parameter on a 120 GeV Proton Beam

We present the results of an extensive evaluation of strip and pixel AC-LGAD sensors tested with a 120 GeV proton beam, focusing on the influence of design parameters on the sensor temporal and spatial resolutions. Results show that reducing the thickness of pixel sensors significantly enhances their time resolution, with 20- μm-thick sensors achieving around 20 ps. Uniform performance is attainable with optimized sheet resistance, making these sensors ideal for future timing detectors. Conversely, 20-μm-thick strip sensors exhibit higher jitter than similar pixel sensors, negatively impacting time resolution, despite reduced Landau fluctuations with respect to the 50-μm-thick versions. Additionally, it is observed that a low resistivity in strip sensors limits signal size and time resolution, whereas higher resistivity improves performance. This study highlights the importance of tuning the n+ sheet resistance and suggests that further improvements should target specific applications like the Electron-Ion Collider or other future collider experiments. In addition, the detailed performance of four AC-LGADs sensor designs is reported as examples of possible candidates for specific detector applications. These advancements position AC-LGADs as promising candidates for future 4D tracking systems, pending the development of specialized readout electronics.

Lara, Carlos Pérez↗
DOE OSTI2025

5G-TSN Architecture Capable of Providing Real-time Situational Awareness to Fossil-Energy (FE) Generation Systems (Final Technical Report)

This final report highlights the comprehensive achievements of the project focused on developing and validating a 5G-Time Sensitive Networking (TSN) architecture tailored for real-time operational awareness in fossil energy systems. The initiative successfully advanced through a series of technical milestones, including the integration of EMI-aware network models, deployment of advanced simulation frameworks, and real-world performance characterization at key sites such as UTEP and Fabens. Through the strategic use of NetSim® software, the team created and validated network configurations for wired and wireless environments, tested under varying congestion conditions, and verified network slicing implementations for URLLC-specific applications. Major accomplishments include the migration of simulation tools to the latest NetSim® version to support accurate modeling of TSN and network slicing, extensive EMI measurement campaigns, and the development of a robust simulation model for end-to-end SCADA system integration. Simulations compared both TDD and FDD duplexing modes, revealing insights into their performance under congested conditions. The wireless network was benchmarked for throughput, jitter, and delay metrics, aligning with 3GPP Release 15/16 and IEEE 802.1-TSN standards. A peer-reviewed conference paper was accepted and published, contributing to the broader academic and industrial discourse on 5G-TSN integration in energy systems, in addition to a journal article. Despite minor delays due to software limitations, the project achieved its objectives and delivered validated architecture ready for deployment in advanced energy network environments.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
DOE OSTI2025

Evaluating a Transition-Jump System for the Fermilab Main Injector Using Xsuite

We describe an Xsuite simulation framework for the Fermilab Main Injector (MI) along with an evaluation of transition-crossing behaviors in the accelerator. In particular, we studied the introduction of quadrupole magnets into the lattice as part of a transition-jump system that will be implemented through the $2^{nd}$ Proton Improvement Plan (PIP-II). Simulated beam losses spurred by transition-induced instabilities were assessed under several systematic effects, including MI quad errors, magnet-to-magnet variability in the jump magnets, power-supply errors, and timing jitter.

Schreckenberger, Adam Paul [Fermilab] (ORCID:00000↗
DOE OSTI2026

Precision Time Protocol Synchronization Under Network Impairments

This bulletin examines how network anomalies disrupt Precision Time Protocol synchronization on long terrestrial links used for grid timing. Using a CAST testbed with emulated impairments, we measured delay, offset, and time interval error while monitoring packet rates. Symmetric delays did not perturb synchronization, whereas asymmetric delays produced false offsets; jitters were largely filtered out, but they delayed synchronization recovery; moderate packet loss was tolerated, while severe loss forced holdover and loss of synchronization.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2025

The ETROC2 as the Final Version for CMS Endcap Timing Layer (ETL) Upgrade

The ETROC (Endcap Timing Readout Chip) is being developed for the LGAD-based CMS Endcap Timing Layer (ETL) at HL-LHC. The ETL on each side of the interaction region will be instrumented with a two-disk system of MIP-sensitive LGAD (Low Gain Avalanche Diodes) silicon devices, read out by ETROCs for precision timing measurement with down to ~30 ps timing resolution per track. The ETROC is designed to handle a 16 x 16 pixel cell matrix, with each pixel being 1.3 mm x 1.3 mm to match the LGAD sensor pixel size. The front-end design for preamplifier and discriminator has been specifically optimized for the reduced LGAD signals, with enough flexibilities to meet the ETL specific needs for time resolution, power budget and radiation profile. The ETROC chip is implemented in a commercial 65nm CMOS process. Each channel consists of a preamplifier, a discriminator, a TDC used for TOA (Time Of Arrival) and TOT (Time Over Threshold) measurements, and a memory for data storage and readout. An in-pixel auto threshold calibration is included, along with a self-testing pattern generator. The TOT is used for time-walk correction of the TOA measurement. The detailed hit information (TOA and TOT) from each cell will be read out from a local circular buffer after each Level-1 Accept (about 1 MHz). In addition, a charge injection circuit is implemented to allow for testing and calibration. For more detailed monitoring of the signal pulses, waveform sampling circuits are included for one pixel. The clock distribution is based on a 16x16 H-tree design with a shielding structure to alleviate potential interference. The global peripheral circuits include a PLL, a phase shifter, an I2C slave controller, a fast control block, a global readout, and a data driver along with an efuse and temperature sensor. The ETROC builds event data frames for each L1A selected event and is also capable of providing L1 trigger information for user-defined delayed hits. The main design challenge is how to extract precision timing information from the small LGAD signals in the presence of high irradiation fluence, while keeping the power consumption and digital activity low. The ETL design goal for the time resolution of 50 ps per hit is required to achieve a 35 ps arrival time measurement for a MIP particle, which has its track registered in two ETL disk layers. The LGAD contribution is known to be about 30 ps, this means that the jitter from the ETROC has to be kept below 40 ps. The ETROC2 is the first full size full functionality prototype design fully compatible with the final chip specifications for CMS ETL and now becomes the final version. The ETROC2 chips have been extensively tested. We will present here new testing results including the bump bonding yield improvement study, the time walk correction (TWC) generality study with one pixel TWC applying to all pixels, the final SEU testing using both heavy ion and proton beam, more beam test studies including different sensors, and readiness for the ETROC2 production for CMS ETL upgrade.

Liu, Tiehui [Fermilab] (ORCID:0009000765225605)↗
DOE OSTI2025

28nm front end ASIC and 12” LGADs for 3D integration

The 3DIntSenS Collaboration—a joint effort between SLAC, Fermilab, and LLNL—is developing enabling technologies for next-generation radiation imaging detectors that combine ultra-fine spatial resolution (≈10 μm) with precision timing (<20 ps), while maintaining low power <1 W/cm2 and high data throughput. The approach leverages 3D integration between advanced CMOS readout ASICs and finely pixelated LGAD sensors to achieve the performance and scalability required for large-area, high-rate applications. High-granularity, precision-timing detectors are essential for scientific advances in HEP, NP, BES, and FES, but widespread adoption is limited by the cost and complexity of 3D integration. To close this gap, the collaboration is developing LGAD sensors compatible with 12-inch commercial CMOS processes, enabling cost-effective integration with high-performance ASICs under development. We present the design and results from a 28 nm CMOS ASIC prototype, including a low-jitter front end, and in-pixel TDC demonstrating sub-10 ps timing resolution. We also report on the co-design and characterization of reticle-scale LGAD sensors with 50 μm and 100 μm pixels and introduce the next 10k-pixel ASIC designed for full 3D integration. These advances represent a critical step toward scalable, high-resolution radiation imaging systems for future scientific instrumentation.

England, Troy [Fermilab] (ORCID:0000000154405255)↗
DOE OSTI2025

Analysis of Warped April Tag Impacts on Detection and Pose Estimation

This report evaluates the impact of geometric deformation on an April Tag, particularly when warped due to attachment on a curved surface, on its detectability and pose estimation performance. A comparative analysis was conducted using a flat April Tag as a control under identical experimental conditions, which involved recording video sequences with varying viewing angles. For detectability, the warped tag exhibited consistent detection failures at viewing angles beyond 40° and complete failures beyond 60°, whereas the flat tag maintained reliable detection across all angles. For pose estimation, measured by pose jitter (variation in rotation and translation), differences between the warped and flat tags were minimal and statistically insignificant, indicating robust performance even for the deformed tag. These findings suggest that while geometric warping reduces an April Tag’s detectability, its pose estimation accuracy remains relatively unaffected under the tested conditions.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2026

Two 28-nm front-end ASICs for ultra-fine spatial resolution and precision timing to be 3D integrated with 12 LGADs

The 3DIntSenS Collaboration—a joint effort between SLAC, Fermilab, and LLNL—is developing enabling technologies for next-generation radiation imaging detectors that combine ultra-fine spatial resolution (about 10 µm) with precision timing (<20 ps), while maintaining low power <1 W/cm2 and high data throughput. The approach leverages 3D integration between advanced CMOS readout ASICs and finely pixelated LGAD sensors to achieve the performance and scalability required for large-area, high-rate applications. High-granularity, precision-timing detectors are essential for scientific advances in HEP, NP, BES, and FES, but widespread adoption is limited by the cost and complexity of 3D integration. To close this gap, the collaboration is developing LGAD sensors compatible with 12-inch commercial CMOS processes, enabling cost-effective integration with high-performance ASICs under development. We present two 28 nm CMOS ASIC prototypes, including a low-jitter front end, and in-pixel TDC demonstrating sub-10 ps timing resolution. These advances represent a critical step toward scalable, high-resolution radiation imaging systems for future scientific instrumentation.

England, Troy [Fermilab] (ORCID:0000000154405255)↗
DOE OSTI2026

Two 28-nm front-end ASICs for ultra-fine spatial resolution and precision timing to be 3D integrated with 12 LGADs

The 3DIntSenS Collaboration—a joint effort between SLAC, Fermilab, and LLNL—is developing enabling technologies for next-generation radiation imaging detectors that combine ultra-fine spatial resolution (about 10 µm) with precision timing (<20 ps), while maintaining low power <1 W/cm2 and high data throughput. The approach leverages 3D integration between advanced CMOS readout ASICs and finely pixelated LGAD sensors to achieve the performance and scalability required for large-area, high-rate applications. High-granularity, precision-timing detectors are essential for scientific advances in HEP, NP, BES, and FES, but widespread adoption is limited by the cost and complexity of 3D integration. To close this gap, the collaboration is developing LGAD sensors compatible with 12-inch commercial CMOS processes, enabling cost-effective integration with high-performance ASICs under development. We present two 28 nm CMOS ASIC prototypes, including a low-jitter front end, and in-pixel TDC demonstrating sub-10 ps timing resolution. These advances represent a critical step toward scalable, high-resolution radiation imaging systems for future scientific instrumentation.

England, Troy [Fermilab] (ORCID:0000000154405255)↗
DOE OSTI2026

Real-Time Inference For MI/RR Deblending

The Fermilab Main Injector (MI) and Recycler Ring (RR) share a common beam loss monitor (BLM) system, making loss events difficult to attribute to their source machine when beam is present in both simultaneously. The Real-time Edge AI for Distributed Systems (READS) project addresses this by deblending BLM readings in real time using machine learning (ML). The current FPGA based implementation meets the sub-3 ms latency requirement but carries a resource intensive hls4ml development cycle, motivating exploration of GPU based deployment. This paper characterizes inference latency on an NVIDIA Jetson Orin Nano and introduces a packet organization scheme for assembling synchronized event frames from seven distributed BLM DAQ streams. Using a Python based DAQ simulation with injected timing jitter in place of unavailable live beam data, the pipeline achieved an average end to end latency of 0.456 ms (σ = 0.122 ms) across 167,000 test frames, comfortably meeting the timing constraint. Early outliers were attributed to TensorRT warm-up rather than steady state limitations, suggesting GPU based inference is a viable alternative to the existing FPGA implementation.

Yu, Kellen [Cornell U.]↗
DOE OSTI2025

Photoconductive Semiconductor Switches: Materials, Physics, and Applications

Photoconductive semiconductor switching (PCSS) devices have unique characteristics to address the growing need for electrically isolated, optically gated, picosecond-scale jitter devices capable of operating at high voltage, current, and frequency. The state of the art in material selection, doping, triggering, and system integration in PCSSs is presented. The material properties and doping considerations of GaN, GaAs, SiC, diamond, and β-Ga2O3 in the fabrication of PCSS devices are discussed. A review of the current understanding of the physics of the high-gain mode known as lock-on is presented.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Unconventional Applications of Superconducting Nanowire Single Photon Detectors

Superconducting nanowire single photon detectors are becoming a dominant technology in quantum optics and quantum communication, primarily because of their low timing jitter and capability to detect individual low-energy photons with high quantum efficiencies. However, other desirable characteristics, such as high detection rates, operation in cryogenic and high magnetic field environments, or high-efficiency detection of charged particles, are underrepresented in literature, potentially leading to a lack of interest in other fields that might benefit from this technology. We review the progress in use of superconducting nanowire technology in photon and particle detection outside of the usual areas of physics, with emphasis on the potential use in ongoing and future experiments in nuclear and high energy physics.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗