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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 145 records · Page 8
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

Nonlinear optics from hybrid dispersive orbits

In this paper we expand the technique of characterizing nonlinear optics from off-energy closed orbits (NOECO) to cover harmonic sextupoles in storage rings. The existing NOECO technique has been successfully used to correct the chromatic sextupole errors on the MAX-IV machine [Olsson et al., Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams 23, 102803], however, it does not account for harmonic sextupoles, which are still widely used on many other machines. By generating vertical dispersion with chromatic skew quadrupoles, a measurable chromatic function dependence on harmonic sextupoles can be observed on hybrid dispersive orbits. Proof of concept of this technique was accomplished by simulations and beam measurements on the National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II) storage ring.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Approximate Entropy Analysis for Nonlinear Beam Dynamics

In this paper, we applied an approximate entropy (ApEn) analysis to nonlinear beam dynamics. Due to the presence of strong nonlinear magnets, the degree of chaos in beam motion gradually increases proportionally with its amplitude. Such chaos can be quantitatively characterized with ApEn of beam turn-by-turn readings. ApEn analysis is a technique used to quantify the amount of regularity and the unpredictability of fluctuations with respect to time-series data. The ApEn, when applied as a chaos indicator, can then be used for nonlinear lattice optimization and analysis. The National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II) electron storage ring lattice was used as an example of a real-world application of our technique.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Dedicated beam position monitor pair for model-independent lattice characterization at NSLS-II

This paper reports recent lattice characterization results obtained at the National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II) storage ring, conducted without reliance on a lattice model. A pair of beam position monitors (BPMs) with bunch-by-bunch (B×B) resolution, were recently installed in a section of the storage ring free of magnetic fields. The new BPM pair measured the beam, or bunch’s transverse Poincar´e map precisely after the beam was excited. Linear one-turn-matrices (OTM) were then derived, and from these, the 4-dimensional coupled Twiss parameters were extracted at the locations of the BPM pair. By normalizing beam oscillation amplitudes with the Twiss parameters, the global action-variables were obtained. These action-variables facilitated the measurement of the local Twiss parameters observed by other BPMs independent on lattice model. This method is general, and particularly useful in certain scenarios such as a round beam mode in a diffraction-limited light source ring. We applied it to assess both weakly and strongly coupled lattices at the NSLS-II ring. Through analysis of the strongly coupled lattice, the quadrupole tilt errors were estimated to be less than 400 µrad. Utilizing the BPMs’ B×B resolution, for the first time we observed the variations of the linear lattice along a long bunch-train.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Sextupole reduction via chaos suppression at NSLS-II

We revisit the nonlinear lattice design approach for the National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II) storage ring. By suppressing chaos, we identify alternative sextupole configurations to the original design, which relied on the conventional approach of simultaneously minimizing Resonance Driving Terms (RDTs) and Amplitude-Dependent Detuning (ADD). These alternatives achieve comparable performance while requiring fewer sextupoles. A detailed comparison of two representative solutions is presented and supported by experimental validation. Our results indicate that dynamic aperture correlates more strongly with global chaos than with individual RDTs, and that the importance of minimizing ADD may have been overstated in earlier design approach.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2025

GPU Acceleration in SRW: Design and Considerations

Synchrotron Radiation Workshop (SRW) is a powerful tool for simulation synchrotron radiation emission and propagation through beamline elements, enabling advanced beamline design and experimental optimization. Recently, GPU acceleration has been developed for SRW to support highly detailed end-to-end simulations of experiments at synchrotron light sources. This work documents the design and implementation of this GPU acceleration support, addressing the complexities of adapting CPU-based components to heterogeneous computing architectures.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Pulsed Magnet Power Systems at NSLS-II

The National Synchrotron Light Source - II (NSLS-II) is a 3 GeV X-ray user facility with 29 beamlines. The NSLS-II pulsed power system consists of an event generator for timely injection and extraction of beam in the transport line from linac to booster at 170 MeV, and from booster to storage ring at 3 GeV. We will discuss current pulsed power systems and the future upgrades/improvements on those systems.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Dose Measurement and Monte Carlo FLUKA simulations for the FE and FOE of the 27-ID HEX Beamline

The 27-ID High Energy Engineering X-ray Scattering (HEX) beamline, commissioned in 2024, operates within the Hard X-ray Scattering and Spectroscopy program at Brookhaven Lab’s National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II). The high energy spectrum at the HEX beamline extends up to several hundred keV, making it well suited for applications such as imaging large engineering samples, including fully assembled batteries, fuel cells, etc.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Convolutional Neural Network for Segmenting Micro-X-ray Computed Tomography Images of Wood Cellular Structures

To further enhance the performance of wood products, improved tools are needed to study in situ cellular scale phenomena like mechanical deformations and moisture swelling. Micro-X-ray computed tomography (μXCT) using brilliant synchrotron light sources now has the spatial and temporal resolution for real-time visualization of phenomena in three-dimensional cellular structures. However, the tradeoff for speed includes the loss of intensity contrast between different types of materials within the imaged structure, such as cell wall and air in wood. This loss of contrast prevents traditional histogram-based segmentation methods from being used effectively. A new convolutional neural network (CNN) approach was therefore developed to segment fast μXCT images of wood into cell wall and air volumes. The fast μXCT and segmentation were demonstrated in the study of moisture swelling in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) earlywood and latewood cellular structures conditioned at 0%, 33%, 75%, and 95% relative humidity (RH). The CNN segmentation results had a mean intersection over union (IoU) metric accuracy of 96%. Initial analysis of the swelling in the latewood revealed cell walls swelled about 25% when conditioned from 0% to 95% RH. Additionally, the widths of ray cell lumina in the transverse plane of latewood could be observed to increase at higher RH. The segmentation method presented here will facilitate future quantitative analyses in in situ μXCT studies of wood and other similar cellular materials.

Arzola-Villegas, Xavier (ORCID:0000000305369766)↗
DOE OSTI2021

Near L-edge Single and Multiple Photoionization of Doubly Charged Iron Ions

Using the photon-ion merged-beams technique at a synchrotron light source, we have measured relative cross sections for single and up to five-fold photoionization of Fe 2+ ions in the energy range of 690-920 eV. This range contains thresholds and resonances associated with ionization and excitation of 2p and 2s electrons. Calculations were performed to simulate the total absorption spectra. The theoretical results show very good agreement with the experimental data, if overall energy shifts of up to 2.5 eV are applied to the calculated resonance positions and assumptions are made about the initial experimental population of the various levels of the Fe 2+ ([Ar]3d 6 ) ground configuration. Furthermore, we performed extensive calculations of the Auger cascades that result when an electron is removed from the 2p subshell of Fe 2+ . These computations lead to a better agreement with the measured product-charge-state distributions as compared to earlier work. We conclude that the L-shell absorption features of low-charged iron ions are useful for identifying gas-phase iron in the interstellar medium and for discriminating against the various forms of condensed-phase iron bound to composite interstellar dust grains.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Thallium Bromide Semiconductor Radiation Materials and Detectors Characterization Studies

Two overarching requirements of crucial importance for the commercial and scientific establishment of semiconductor radiation detectors are: (1) exceptionally high-purity crystals with impurity concentrations less than 1 part-per-billion and (2) single crystals that are relatively free from subgrain boundaries, secondary phases, dislocations, and other electrically-active defects. We investigated the properties of thallium bromide (TlBr) material that affect its performance with the goal of increasing the material's commercial viability for radiation detection applications. For this purpose, we used beamlines at the National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS) at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), performing Micron-scale X-ray Detector Mapping, White Beam X-ray Diffraction Topography, and Micron-scale X-ray Fluorescence. These characterization methods improve the industry's understanding of TlBr and lead to the production of improved instrumentation. In this particular study we report electro-migration measurements of positive-ion Cu, Ag, and Au impurities in TlBr detectors under electric field strengths typically used for device operation. BNL improved TlBr detectors with an electrode design that corrects the response non-uniformities caused by crystal defects. This design can achieve improved energy resolution while using typical-grade, commercial crystals with relaxed quality requirements, thus reducing the overall cost of detectors. Additional characterization will be necessary to fully understand the structure and performance of TlBr with the ultimate goal to achieve the highest energy resolution. Our findings from past work will be presented along with our recommendations for additional investigation.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Finalizing Construction of a New Data Center at BNL

Computational science, data management and analysis have been key factors in the success of Brookhaven National Laboratory's scientific programs at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), the National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II), the Center for Functional Nanomaterials (CFN), and in biological, atmospheric, and energy systems science, Lattice Quantum Chromodynamics (LQCD) and Materials Science, as well as our participation in international research collaborations, such as the ATLAS experiment at Europe's Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN (Switzerland) and the Belle II experiment at KEK (Japan). The construction of a new data center is an acknowledgement of the increasing demand for computing and storage services at BNL in the near term and enable the Lab to address the needs of the future experiments at the High-Luminosity LHC at CERN and the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) at BNL in the long term.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
DOE OSTI2021

3D Toroidal Field Multipoles for Curved Accelerator Magnets

Curved magnets producing continuously rotating field multipoles along the length of the bend can provide strong and continuous transverse focusing, making them of interest for accelerator systems such as compact ion beam gantries and synchrotron light sources. Evaluating the utility of such rotating multipole systems requires an accurate description of field behavior for beam physics calculations. This paper presents a helical scalar potential solution in 3D toroidal harmonics relevant to boundary conditions on the surface of a torus. The resulting fields are evaluated for a curved helical quadrupole channel to illustrate field rotation and the effect of magnet curvature.

Brouwer, L.↗
DOE OSTI2025

Development of a Superconducting Adaptive Gap Undulator Prototype for NSLS-II

The photon flux and brightness of synchrotron radiation, crucial parameters for any light source, vary significantly depending on the type of source employed. Among the 23 Insertion Device (ID) sources at the National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II) at Brookhaven National Lab (BNL), the 12-year-old 3m-long In-Vacuum Undulator (IVU20) stands out for its superior performance, although it no longer represents the cutting edge of technology. Recently, there has been a shift in focus towards developing next-generation sources, particularly Superconducting Undulators (SCUs), characterized by smaller gaps, shorter periods, and maximum lengths. However, despite ongoing research and development efforts, SCUs have yet to surpass their predecessors, the Cryogenic Permanent Magnet Undulators (CPMUs), in terms of performance. This is largely attributed to the limitations posed by traditional superconducting wire, as well as challenges in the design of the magnetic structure and vacuum chamber. In this paper, we aim to overcome such limitations through the development of a unique prototype Superconducting Adaptive Gap Undulator (SC-AGU) magnet core and vacuum chamber design. This paper will outline a novel technical approach aimed at constructing a compact prototype magnet array utilizing state-of-the-art superconducting wire technology. This approach provides a more efficient magnetic structure, allowing for enhanced magnetic field strength and stability.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Hard X-ray imaging with sub-10 nm resolution by scanning bonded 2D multilayer Laue lenses

Multilayer Laue lenses (MLLs) offer significant advantages over traditional diffractive focusing optics, such as zone plates (ZPs), in terms of efficiency and durability when focusing hard X-rays to 10 nm and below. Typically, a pair of 1D MLLs is aligned independently to achieve point focusing. This approach only permits scanning microscopy by moving the sample stage, which presents a limitation when it comes to scanning large or bulky objects at high speed. In this study, we present an experimental demonstration of scanning monolithically bonded 2D MLLs while keeping the sample stationary, effectively addressing the limitation of the sample’s size and weight. We characterized the system’s positional and angular stabilities during scanning, which are critical parameters to the nanofocusing performance of MLLs. In addition, we provided the X-ray measurement results and corresponding image resolution analysis.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Reaction Mechanism of Electrodeposited ε-MnO 2 : A Proton-Centered Pathway in Aqueous Zn-Ion Systems

Aqueous Zn/MnO 2 batteries have garnered significant interests owing to their abundance, high theoretical specific capacity, safety, and low cost. However, large-scale application of these systems is limited by the incomplete understanding of the MnO 2 reaction chemistry. The different crystal lattice structures among MnO 2 polymorphs contribute to the variations in reported reaction mechanisms. Among them, ε-MnO 2 polymorph, the dominant phase in electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD), is notably observed during the charge cycles of aqueous Zn/MnO 2 batteries. Here, in this work, we investigate the electrochemical behavior of an ε-MnO 2 cathode synthesized via electrodeposition from a ZnSO 4 and MnSO 4 electrolyte, onto a 3-dimensional carbon cloth substrate. Proton intercalation emerges as the dominant charge storage mechanism, critically enabling the reversibility of ε-MnO 2 during cycling, as revealed by operando synchrotron X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Additionally, a proton-coupled dissolution/redeposition pathway operates alongside minor Zn 2+ intercalation, as quantified by Rietveld refinement. Morphological and chemical heterogeneities are studied by transmission X-ray microscopy further validates this reaction mechanism. These mechanistic insights provide the foundation for rationally designing Zn/MnO 2 batteries with optimized proton dynamics and charge transfer, advancing these systems as a viable solution for safe, cost-effective grid-scale energy storage.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Advanced monolithic 2D multilayer Laue lens (MLL) optics for hard x-ray nanofocusing and nanotomography

We report on the development of a new generation of monolithic two-dimensional (2D) multilayer Laue lens (MLL) optics suitable for high-resolution hard x-ray nanoimaging. The 2D optics were assembled on microfabricated silicon templates with high orthogonality and lateral alignment precision, which were characterized using white-light interferometry and confirmed by x-ray measurements. The developed monolithic 2D MLL optics were successfully employed for hard x-ray nanofocusing and nanotomography experiments using the ptychography imaging modality, demonstrating sub-10 nm resolution in 2D and sample-limited ∼30 nm in three-dimensional while exhibiting excellent stability during extended measurements. The new 2D MLL templates with high alignment accuracy represent an important step forward in the development of 2D MLL optics toward direct nanoimaging experiments with sub-10 nm spatial resolution.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Charge correlations and magnetoelastic coupling in intercalated transition metal dichalcogenides

The large van der Waals gap in transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) offers an avenue to tune the ground state of 2D materials through the intercalation of magnetic atoms. Here, we investigate the charge correlations in Fe 1/3 ⁢TaS 2 , Co 1/3 ⁢TaS 2 , and Fe 0.35 ⁢NbS 2 by combining angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES), x-ray scattering, magnetometry, and density functional theory (DFT). We find that, while short-range charge fluctuations develop in Ta-based compounds, Fe 0.35 ⁢NbS 2 exhibits long-range charge order which is strongly coupled with magnetic order and tunable by external magnetic field. Our electronic structure analysis reveals that intercalation reconstructs the Fermi surface via charge transfer and band renormalization, yet does not generate the nesting conditions compatible with the observed ordering vectors. Complementary phonon calculations further exclude a conventional electron-phonon origin of charge order. Together, these results establish magnetoelastic coupling as the dominant mechanism behind charge ordering in Fe 0.35 ⁢NbS 2 and highlight the contrasting role of Nb and Ta hosts in stabilizing correlated ground states in intercalated TMDs.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗