MARINER II INSTRUMENTATION- WHAT WILL IT SEE ON VENUS
Microwave and infrared radiation detectors on mariner ii space probe to examine venus clouds and surface conditions
MARINER II SPACE PROBE↗
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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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Optical device enables small detector to see large field of view
Optical device images the sun on a mask that transmits it or prevents its transmission to a photodetector behind the mask depending on image position on the mask. The device uses a pinhole as the image former to provide a large field of view and diffraction-limited resolution.
Arndt, J. H.↗
Displays for seeing without looking.
Peripheral vision displays for dynamic tracking information during difficult flight control tasks improve operator performance
HUMAN PERFORMANCE↗
Seeing and scintillation
Astronomical telescopes image motion, distortion and scintillation, examining atmospheric refractive index and density/temperature variation effects
Young, A. T.↗
ERTS-1 - Teaching us a new way to see.
The ERTS-1 payload is discussed, giving attention to three television cameras, which view the same area in three different spectral bands. The payload includes also a multispectral scanner subsystem and a data collection system which collects information from some 150 remote, unattended, instrumented ground platforms. Many government agencies use ERTS-1 data as integral parts of their ongoing programs. Through its EROS program, the Interior Department represents the largest single recipient and user agency of data obtained from NASA aircraft and spacecraft designed to gather repetitive information related to a wide variety of earth-science and natural-resources disciplines. Questions of environmental impact are considered together with applications in agriculture, forestry, marine resources, geography, and the survey of water resources.
Mercanti, E. P.↗
Skylab II - Seeing the sun in a different light
The second Skylab mission continued the detailed investigation of man's interrelated physiological functions as they react to the novel situation of weightlessness in orbit. In general terms, the most important finding is that the increase in mission duration from 28 to 59 days failed to reveal any effects that would put a specific upper limit on the time that men can live in weightlessness. Observations of the sun during the second mission covered almost two full solar revolutions, yielding detailed data on the evolution of several active regions as they traversed the face of the sun, disappeared around the limb, then reappeared on the next cycle.
Green, W. D.↗
Removal of seeing and instrumental blur effects from astronomical scanner observations
The Phillips-Twomey method for solving simultaneous integral equations is applied to the problem of removing blur effects arising from atmospheric and instrumental sources from astronomical observations made with photoelectric area-scanning instruments. Details of the method and the effects of observational errors on the quality of the results are discussed in the context of applications to actual observations of stars and the planet Saturn.
Clements, A. E.↗
Toward diffraction-limited seeing of dim astronomical objects from the Earth's surface using LIDAR
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Cartwright, B. G.↗
Seeing through flows in Langley's 0.3-meter Transonic Cryogenic Tunnel
Viewing problems associated with the measurement of model deformation in cryogenic wind tunnels are discussed. Tests were conducted in the Langley 0.3-Meter Transonic Cryogenic Tunnel to assess viewing capabilities thru the flow field. The effects of condensation and turbulent boundary layers are discussed and a modelling procedure for image degradation is described.
Snow, W. L.↗
SAR imaging - Seeing the unseen
The functional abilities and operations of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) are described. SAR employs long wavelength radio waves in bursts, imaging a target by 'listening' to the small frequency changes that result from the Doppler shift due to the relative motion of the imaging craft and the motions of the target. The time delay of the signal return allows a determination of the location of the target, leading to the build up of a two-dimensional image. The uses of both Doppler shifts and time delay enable detailed imagery which is independent of distance. The synthetic aperture part of the name of SAR derives from the beaming of multiple pulses, which result in a picture that is effectively the same as using a large antenna. Mechanisms contributing to the fineness of SAR images are outlined.
Kobrick, M.↗
What do pilots see in displays
Based on pilots' scanning data and discussions with pilots, general aviation flight instruments have been classified into three categories. The classification is related to the type of information presented, the way the information is used, and the pilot's role as a monitor and controller. Suggestions are made for modifying the instruments of one category to improve the information displayed such that when monitoring, the pilot can more quickly extract the information needed.
Harris, R. L., Sr.↗
What does the eye see best?
The quantum efficiency of the human eye is measured for detecting a wide variety of spatiotemporal patterns using foveal vision in bright light. The performance of an ideal visual detector whose weighting function is matched to the signal is analyzed in the abstract, and the conditions of a two-interval forced-choice experiment are described. The best stimulus found is a small, briefly exposed circular patch of sinusoidal grating having a spatial frequency of about 7 c/deg, drifting at about 4 Hz. It is proposed that this is the weighting function of the most efficient human contrast detector. This function resembles the receptive field sensitivity profiles of many cortical neurons. The detectors resemble those derived from other recent experiments on both detection and discrimination and may account for a broad range of previous psychophysical results.
Watson, A. B.↗
Seeing Halley's Comet: A guide for observers in the Northern Hemisphere
A guide for the observation of Halley's comet is presented. The path of the comet is described for the fly by dates and charts are provided for location of the comet in the morning or evening skies. Suggestions for visual observation and photography of Halley's comet are included.
Source record↗
Does the scatterometer see wind speed or friction velocity?
Studies of radar backscatter from the sea surface are referred either to the wind speed, U, or friction velocity, u(sub *). Bragg scattering theory suggests that these variations in backscatter are directly related to the height of the capillary-gravity waves modulated by the larger waves in tilt and by straining of the short wave field. The question then arises as to what characteristic of the wind field is most probably correlated with the wave number spectrum of the capillary-gravity waves. The justification for selecting U as the appropriate meteorological parameter to be associated with backscatter from L-band to Ku-band are reviewed. Both theoretical reasons and experimental evidence are used to demonstrate that the dominant parameter is U/C(lambda) where U is the wind speed at a height of about lambda/2 for waves having a phase speed of C(lambda).
Donelan, M. A.↗
Seeing Comet IRAS with a radar eye
IRAS data in April 1983 held evidence for the approach of a comet which would pass close enough to earth to bounce radar signals off the cometary nucleus. The closest pass was calculated to be 450,000 km. Ephemerides were prepared for the object while radio observatory tracking schedules were arranged. S-band observations were selected for the JPL 64 m antenna to obtain 2.7 arcmin resolution. A 400 kW signal was generated. Two 4 hr observational periods were achieved, revealing a rough, faceted surface by using S-band in the first run and the X-band in the second. The comet was concluded irregularly shaped and roughly elliptical, with a 2 d period.
Jurgens, R. F.↗
Aerodynamics of seeing on large transport aircraft
Data were obtained in the full scale flight environment of the Kuiper Airborne Observatory (KAO) on the nature of turbulent shear layer over the open cavity. These data were used to verify proposed aerodynamic scaling relationships to describe the behavior of the turbulent layers and to estimate the optical performance of systems of various wavelengths operating within the KAO environment. These data and wind tunnel data are used to scale the expected optical effects for a potential stratospheric observatory for infrared astronomy (SOFIA) in which a telescope approximately 3.5 times larger than that on the KAO is envisioned. It appears that the use of combinations of active and passive aeromechanical flow control techniques can improve the optical behavior of systems in the SOFIA environment. Experiments to verify these potential improvements can be performed on the KAO with sufficient modifications to the cavity and aero-mechanical technique installations.
Rose, W. C.↗
Effects of variation in look angle and wavelength in radar images of volcanic and aeolian terrains, or now you see it, now you don't
The effects of look angle and wavelength variation in geologically applied radar images are examined and the applications of observations of these effects for the study of other planets are discussed. Seasat, SIR-A, SIR-B, and airborne radar images and multiple look angle and multiwavelength scatterometer data are used. It is found that smaller look angle radar data can provide good discrimination among certain diverse materials which are not distinguishable at larger look angles, such as subpixel fault scarps and volcanic dykes. Discriminant analyses of scatterometer data of all geological targets observed gave best results with minimum data by using all wavelengths available and small look angles. The results provide information on the nature of radar images which could be valuable in interpreting radar images of Venus.
Blom, Ronald G.↗