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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 163 records · Page 9
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Morphology‐controlled synthesis of multi‐metal‐based spinel oxide nanocatalysts and their performance for oxygen reduction

Abstract We present a one‐pot colloidal synthesis method for producing monodisperse multi‐metal (Co, Mn, and Fe) spinel nanocrystals (NCs), including nanocubes, nano‐octahedra, and concave nanocubes. This study explores the mechanism of morphology control, showcasing the pivotal roles of metal precursors and capping ligands in determining the exposed crystal planes on the NC surface. The cubic spinel NCs, terminated with exclusive {100}‐facets, demonstrate superior electrocatalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline media compared to their octahedral and concave cubic counterparts. Specifically, at 0.85 V, (CoMn)Fe 2 O 4 spinel oxide nanocubes achieve a high mass activity of 23.9 A/g and exhibit excellent stability, highlighting the promising ORR performance associated with {100}‐facets of multi‐metal spinel oxides over other low‐index and high‐index facets. Motivated by exploring the correlation between ORR performance and surface atom arrangement (active sites), surface element composition, as well as other factors, this study introduces a prospective approach for shape‐controlled synthesis of advanced spinel oxide NCs. It underscores the significance of catalyst shape control and suggests potential applications as nonprecious metal ORR electrocatalysts.

Li, Can↗
DOE OSTI2025

Initiator‐Driven Tailoring of Reactivity and Inhibition in Frontally Polymerized Dicyclopentadiene‐Co‐Dihydrofuran Thermosets

Incorporating 2,3‐dihydrofuran (DHF) into dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) enables frontally polymerizable, deconstructible thermosets via acid hydrolysis. At 5–20 mol% DHF and low initiator concentration (~100 ppm), DHF inhibits front propagation, lowers the glass transition temperature ( T g ) by up to 20°C, and quenches the front, especially at 20% DHF. This paper demonstrates that increasing the initiator concentration to 250–1000 ppm overcomes inhibition, enhances front speeds by ~50%, and suppresses quenching at the expense of pot‐life. Above 5 mol% DHF, an emergence of a second exotherm is observed, attributed to increased rate dependence on the inhibition of the initiator by DHF. Void formation from volatile DHF is suppressed by applying 110 kPa nitrogen, though at the cost of reduced front speed. Dynamic mechanical analysis shows that higher initiator concentration produced more highly cross‐linked polymers, with a ~20% increase in storage modulus at 25°C and a 20°C increase in T g .

deconstructible thermosets↗
DOE OSTI2024

A Tip-based Workflow for Sensitive IMAC-based Low Nanogram Level Phosphoproteomics

Analyzing the phosphoproteome at nanoscale poses a significant challenge, mainly due to the substantial sample loss from non-specific surface adsorption during the enrichment of low stoichiometric phosphopeptides. Here, we describe a tandem tip-based phosphoproteomics sample preparation method capable of sequential sample cleanup and enrichment without the need for additional sample transfer, thereby minimizing sample loss. Integration of this method to our recently developed SOP (Surfactant-assisted One-Pot sample preparation) and iBASIL (improved Boosting to Amplify Signal with Isobaric Labeling) approaches creates a streamlined workflow, enabling sensitive, high-throughput nanoscale phosphoproteomics measurements.

Phosphoproteome, Immobilized metal ion affinity ch↗
DOE OSTI2025

Synergic regulation of mechanically interlocked molecules via lanthanide-contraction-based metal modulation and constituent ratios

A set of mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) can be synthesized efficiently using a one-pot procedure by selecting different trivalent lanthanide metal cations (M 3+ , M = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, or Lu) and adjusting the proportion of the reaction components. In this system, a flexible tetracationic macrocycle, often referred to as the “Texas-sized molecular box”, interacts with terephthalate dianions and trivalent lanthanide metal cations to form various structures. The transition from metal-organic rotaxane frameworks (MORFs) to metal-containing rotaxane supramolecular organic frameworks (RSOFs) is largely dictated by the lanthanide contraction effect, which leads to a decrease in the coordination number of the lanthanide ions. In addition, the nature of the MIMs within the MORFs can be fine-tuned by varying the ratio of the cation to the other components, allowing for additional control over the interlocked system. Furthermore, these findings demonstrate that the choice of metal cation and adjustments in the building block ratios component represent promising strategies for controlling the structures of MIM-based frameworks.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

Comparison of the efficacy of a biocompatible and a distillable solvent for pretreatment of mixed bioenergy feedstocks

Biomass deconstruction is a crucial step in the production of lignocellulosic biofuels and bioproducts. However, identifying and selecting an optimal pretreatment solvent that enhances enzymatic saccharification while being cost-efficient and ensuring sustainability remains a challenge. In this study, we compare the effectiveness of the biocompatible ionic liquid cholinium lysinate ([Ch][Lys]) against the distillable solvent ethanolamine, when used for the pretreatment of mixed bioenergy feedstocks, including poplar, switchgrass, and sorghum. [Ch][Lys] was used at a concentration of 10 % wt. in a one-pot configuration without biomass washing and ethanolamine was used in a concentrated form and removed with a vacuum oven, before performing enzymatic hydrolysis and microbial conversion. Our results show that ethanolamine pretreatment consistently enhances the glucose yield across various biomass types compared to [Ch][Lys], with improvements ranging from 22.0 % to 52.7 %. The highest combined sugar release was observed when the three feedstocks were combined in equal amounts and pretreated with ethanolamine, achieving a glucose yield of 84.6 % and a xylose yield of 76.6 %. Additionally, ethanolamine exhibited exceptional solvent recovery efficiency, with removal efficiencies exceeding 99.8 % at 120 °C across all feedstocks, highlighting its advantage over non-distillable solvents. While both solvents produced biocompatible hydrolysates, the hydrolysates prepared using ethanolamine resulted in higher bioproduct formation. These findings highlight the industrial relevance of selecting recyclable and biocompatible solvents for scalable, sustainable, and cost-effective bioenergy production. This study contributes to the development of economically viable and scalable pretreatment technologies for bioenergy applications using different feedstocks and process configurations.

Rahman, Maksudur↗
DOE OSTI2024

Tuning crosslinking of hybrid preceramic polymers in vat photopolymerization toward controlled ceramic yields

Control of preceramic polymer crosslinking for UV-curable processing is essential for fine 3D printing with high ceramic conversion for sustainable polymer-derived ceramics (PDC) engineering. While various factors influencing ceramic yield have been studied, the systematic exploration of the relationship between crosslinking and ceramic yield, especially when crosslinking increases volatile elements, remains open for further investigation. This study addresses this gap by utilizing vat photopolymerization (VP) additive manufacturing (AM) as a versatile platform for controlling preceramic crosslinking and ceramic yield. By rationally designing and tuning the photochemical crosslinking through digital light processing (DLP), we demonstrate that the ceramic yield can be enhanced from 64% to over 86%, even with added volatile elements. We reveal that the post-pyrolysis ceramic yield can be closely correlated with the pre-pyrolysis crosslinking of the preceramic network represented by its stiffness. This correlation thereby suggests a fast, energy-efficient, non-destructive methodology to predict and improve ceramic yield. Combined with these findings, our one-pot thiol-ene hybridization of polycarbosilane and polycarbosiloxane via DLP offers an exemplary method to generate hybrid preceramic polymers with tailored material properties toward target applications, and potentially even higher ceramic yields. This study thus contributes to achieving better resource- and energy-efficient preceramic polymer and PDC processing routes toward sustainable, advanced organic–inorganic materials manufacturing.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2026

Quantification of [MTBD][beti] loading and its effects on Pt/HSC electrode performance in hydrogen fuel cells

High surface area carbon-supported platinum catalysts (Pt/HSC) are widely used in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells but often suffer from limited proton and oxygen transport within porous domains. To address these challenges, we integrate the ionic liquid [MTBD][beti] into Pt/HSC catalyst layers using two deposition methods-one-pot and sequential deposition-to tune IL distribution within micropores and mesopores. A combination of ex situ and in operando techniques were employed to elucidate electrode structure-performance relationships across a range of IL loadings. Sequential deposition achieved more efficient pore filling and higher IL retention at lower IL:C ratios, enabling enhanced proton conductivity and protection of active sites. Compared to the IL-free Pt/HSC, IL-modified electrodes demonstrated up to 28% improvement in mass activity and enhanced high-current-density performance under low relative humidity, while maintaining comparable performance under humidified conditions. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and CO displacement experiments reveal that improvements are linked to reduced ionic resistance and lower sulfonate adsorption on Pt sites, rather than changes in electrochemical surface area. However, excessive IL loading leads to mass transport losses. These results highlight the importance of selective pore filling and efficient IL distribution in achieving kinetic gains without compromising ionic and gas transport.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2024

Integrative Multi-PTM Proteomics Reveals Dynamic Global, Redox, Phosphorylation, and Acetylation Regulation in Cytokine-treated Pancreatic Beta Cells

Studying regulation of protein function at a systems level necessitates an understanding of the interplay among diverse post-translational modifications (PTMs). A variety of proteomics sample processing workflows are currently used to study specific PTMs but rarely characterize multiple types of PTMs from the same sample inputs. Method incompatibilities and laborious sample preparation steps complicate large-scale physiological investigations and can lead to variations in results. The single-pot, solid-phase-enhanced sample preparation (SP3) method for sample cleanup is compatible with different lysis buffers and amenable to automation, making it attractive for high-throughput multi-PTM profiling. Herein, we describe an integrative SP3 workflow for multiplexed quantification of protein abundance, cysteine thiol oxidation, phosphorylation, and acetylation. The broad applicability of this approach is demonstrated using cell and tissue samples, and its utility for studying interacting regulatory networks is highlighted in a time-course experiment of cytokine-treated ß-cells. We observed a swift response in global regulation of protein abundances consistent with rapid activation of JAK-STAT and NF-?B signaling pathways. Regulators of these pathways as well as proteins involved in their target processes displayed multi-PTM dynamics indicative of a complex cellular response stages: acute, adaptation, and chronic (prolonged stress). PARP14, a negative regulator of JAK-STAT, had multiple co-localized PTMs that may be involved in intraprotein regulatory crosstalk. Our workflow provides a high-throughput platform that can profile multi-PTMomes from the same sample set, which is valuable in unraveling the functional roles of PTMs and their co-regulation.

proteomics, PTM, automation, SP3, cysteine thiol o↗
DOE OSTI2026

Synthesis and application of thermally responsive nanofiber coatings for overtemperature monitoring

This study presents a one-pot synthesis route to organometallic nanofibers based on copper thiolate, exhibiting distinctive chemical and physical characteristics. Electron microscopy analysis of morphology and composition revealed 2-10 μm-long, 50-90 nm-diameter hollow and non-hollow fibers composed of copper, sulfur, oxygen, hydrocarbon, and chlorine. Thermogravimetric analysis showed a pronounced mass loss within 120°C-135°C. To elucidate the thermal responsive pathways, the nanofibers were characterized before and after heating. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicates that an initially mixed Cu(I)/Cu(II) oxidation states transition to predominantly Cu(I) upon heating. A layer of nanofiber was coated on battery pouch foil and evaluated as a candidate thermally sensitive coating. At elevated temperature (100-130°C), nanofiber coating released volatile organic compounds, sulfide and sulfur dioxide as detected using multiple gas sensors. This thermally responsive gas release/sensing approach provides a potential large-area temperature monitoring strategy, which is particularly relevant where direct temperature measurements of individual batteries is impractical. The results established proof of concept for nanofiber-coated battery pouch foil as overtemperature warning platform that can provide alerts when surface temperatures exceed a critical threshold. More broadly, the ability to form interconnected fiber networks positions copper thiolate nanofiber coatings as promising materials for advanced applications.

Ihala Gamaralalage, Chanaka [ORNL] (ORCID:00000002↗
DOE OSTI2024

Coupling Microdroplet-Based Sample Preparation, Multiplexed Isobaric Labeling, and Nanoflow Peptide Fractionation for Deep Proteome Profiling of the Tissue Microenvironment

There is increasing interest in developing in-depth proteomic approaches for mapping tissue heterogeneity in a cell-type-specific manner to better understand and predict the function of complex biological systems such as human organs. Existing spatially resolved proteomics technologies cannot provide deep proteome coverage due to limited sensitivity and poor sample recovery. Herein, we seamlessly combined laser capture microdissection with a low-volume sample processing technology that includes a microfluidic device named microPOTS (microdroplet processing in one pot for trace samples), multiplexed isobaric labeling, and a nanoflow peptide fractionation approach. The integrated workflow allowed us to maximize proteome coverage of laser-isolated tissue samples containing nanogram levels of proteins. We demonstrated that the deep spatial proteomics platform can quantify more than 5000 unique proteins from a small-sized human pancreatic tissue pixel (∼60,000 μm2) and differentiate unique protein abundance patterns in pancreas. Furthermore, the use of the microPOTS chip eliminated the requirement for advanced microfabrication capabilities and specialized nanoliter liquid handling equipment, making it more accessible to proteomic laboratories.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2026

A Chemocatalytic Route to Stereoregular Poly(3-hydroxyhexanoate) and Its Statistical and Tri-Block Copolymers

Poly(3-hydroxyhexanoate) (P3HHx)-based poly(3- hydroxyalkanoate)s (PHAs) are biologically produced, commercially implemented PHAs, but little is known in the open literature about the structure and property characterizations of discrete, authentic homopolymer P3HHx, and its copolymers with poly(3- hydroxybutyrate) (P3HB). Here, we introduce a chemocatalytic route to stereoregular (both isotactic and syndiotactic) P3HHx and PHA copolymers with P3HB, including statistical copolymer P3HBHx with various levels of 3HHx incorporation and discrete hard−soft−hard triblock copolymer P3HB-b-P3HHx-b-P3HB, and present extensive characterizations of their structures, thermal properties, and mechanical performance. The synthesis is efficiently achieved by one-pot polymerization of eight-membered di(n-propyl) and dimethyl (for copolymerization) diolides catalyzed by chiral molecular catalysts. Notably, P3HBHx can be rapidly produced in quantitative yield and exhibits high molar mass (M n up to 551 kg/mol) as well as both high modulus (up to 1.39 GPa) and ductility (up to 445%), while P3HB-b-P3HHx-b-P3HB further extends application temperature windows by possessing a unique combination of low T g (−18 °C) and high T m (154 °C) values. These findings highlight the stereomicrostructural and architectural versatility of chemocatalytic routes to PHAs, which, in turn, can be utilized to largely tune the PHA thermal properties and mechanical performance.

Biopolymers↗
DOE OSTI2025

Rhenium-Selenido Corroles: Reflections on 5d Metalloporphyrins and Metallocorroles as Triplet Emitters and Photosensitizers

Following the successful synthesis of rhenium-oxido, rhenium-imido, and rhenium-sulfido corroles, a series of para-X-substituted rhenium-selenido triarylcorroles (X = OCH 3 , CH 3 , H, F, CF 3 ) have been prepared in 70–76% yields. A one-pot, two-step procedure was used, analogous to that used for ReS corroles, involving rhenium insertion via high-temperature reaction of Re 2 (CO) 10 and free-base corroles in refluxing decalin, followed by exposure to PCl 3 (which is thought to deoxygenate ReO corroles formed under the reaction) and elemental selenium. An analogous procedure, however, failed to yield rhenium-tellurido corroles, presumably reflecting, according to DFT calculations, the limited stability of these species. Unlike ReO corroles, ReS and ReSe corroles were found not to exhibit phosphorescence in the NIR-I regime (600–1000 nm); nor did they sensitize singlet oxygen formation. In the hope of obtaining a broader perspective of this negative result, we also examined ReN porphyrins and found them not to phosphoresce or to sensitize singlet oxygen formation. These results were explained by DFT and TDDFT calculations in terms of low-energy triplet states, which are not energetic enough to excite molecular oxygen to its lowest singlet state. Whether some of the new Re corroles exhibit phosphorescence in the NIR-II regime remains an interesting question for future investigation.

Aromatic compounds↗
DOE OSTI2024

Design Principles and Routes for Calcium Alkoxyaluminate Electrolytes

Multivalent-ion battery technologies are increasingly attractive options for meeting diverse energy storage needs. Calcium ion batteries (CIB) are particularly appealing candidates for their earthly abundance, high theoretical volumetric energy density, and relative safety advantages. Here, at present, only a few Ca-ion electrolyte systems are reported to reversibly plate at room temperature: for example, aluminates and borates, including Ca[TPFA] 2 , where [TPFA] - = [Al(OC(CF 3 ) 3 ) 4 ] - and Ca[B(hfip) 4 ] 2 , [B(hfip) 4 ] 2 – = [B(OCH(CF 3 ) 2 ) 4 ] - . Analyzing the structure of these salts reveals a common theme: the prevalent use of a weakly coordinating anion (WCA) consisting of a tetracoordinate aluminum/boron (Al/B) center with fluorinated alkoxides. Leveraging the concept of theory-aided design, we report an innovative, one-pot synthesis of two new calcium-ion electrolyte salts (Ca[Al(tftb) 4 ] 2 , Ca[Al(hftb) 4 ] 2 ) and two reported salts (Ca[Al(hfip) 4 ] 2 and Ca[TPFA] 2 ) where hfip = (-OCH(CF 3 ) 2 ), tftb = (-OC(CF 3 )(Me) 2 ), hftb = (-OC(CF 3 ) 2 (Me)), [TPFA] - = [Al(OC(CF 3 ) 3 ) 4 ] - . We also reveal the dependence of Coulombic efficiency on their inherent propensity for cation–anion coordination.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Anionic Surfactants from Reactive Separation of Hydrocarbons Derived from Polyethylene Upcycling

Chemical upcycling of polyethylene (PE) to long-chain alkylaromatics through tandem hydrocracking/aromatization has potential to provide value-added chemicals. However, the liquid product is a complex mixture of alkanes, alkylbenzenes, and polyaromatics, limiting its direct usability. The most valuable component of the product mixture is the alkylbenzenes because of their potential as precursors to anionic surfactants. In this study, a one-pot reactive separation is described. Sulfonating the product mixture from PE upcycling with silica sulfuric acid followed by neutralization with sodium hydroxide yields sodium alkylbenzenesulfonates (up to 93 mol % selectivity), along with a separate phase of lubricant-range hydrocarbons as a coproduct. Compared to petroleum-based sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonates, the reported PE-derived surfactant molecules show competitive physicochemical properties, including surface tension and interfacial tension. According to life cycle assessment, the described reaction strategy demonstrates 20% lower greenhouse gas emissions, when considering uses for the coproducts of PE upcycling, compared to conventional linear alkylbenzenesulfonates (LAS) manufacturing directly from petrochemical feedstocks.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2026

Effects of a Small Fraction of Norbornene Comonomers on the Frontal Ring Opening Metathesis Polymerization of Dicyclopentadiene and Dihydrofuran

Frontal ring-opening metathesis polymerization (FROMP) is an energy-efficient process for the construction of high performance polydicyclopentadiene (pDCPD) thermosets. A small fraction of norbornene (NBE) comonomer is often added to DCPD to liquify the resin, but their effects on the resin chemistry and frontal curing characteristics are not quantitatively understood, especially for recently developed deconstructable DCPD resins containing cleavable comonomers. 2,3-Dihydrofuran (DHF) is a commercially available, effective cleavable comonomer for ROMP of norbornenes, and it has been recently demonstrated to enable full deconstruction of pDCPD thermosets at 5% loading. Herein, we investigated deconstructable DCPD resins containing 5% of different (oxa)NBE derivatives and 5% DHF. We report the effects of such a small fraction of (oxa)NBE comonomers on the resin pot life (room temperature resin reactivity), front curing characteristics, degree of cure, crosslinking density, comonomer distribution, and deconstruction kinetics of the resulting pDCPD thermosets. These effects can be correlated to the metathesis reactivity of these comonomers. As a result, this study provides quantitative understanding that will guide the future development of new deconstructable FROMP resins with desired construction and deconstruction characteristics.

Luo, Xuyi [Stanford University, CA (United States)↗
DOE OSTI2025

Directed Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticle Superstructures Using Self-Assembling Peptoids Containing Metal-Bonding N-Heterocyclic Carbenes

N-Heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands, with strong metal-binding affinity, offer a robust platform for constructing organic–inorganic nanohybrids with high stability and tunable properties. However, achieving precise structural control in a simple manner remains challenging. Here, we report a one-pot synthesis of nanohybrids using self-assembling peptoids functionalized with histidine-2-ylidene, which simultaneously enable peptoid assembly and NHC–metal binding. Histidine-2-ylidene-functionalized peptoids were designed to self-assemble and provide NHC binding sites, while AuNPs served as the inorganic component due to NHCs’ strong affinity for gold surfaces. The resulting peptoid-NHC@AuNPs form well-defined vesicles that are characterized by UV–vis spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electron microscopy. Importantly, the vesicle size and morphology can be tuned via the peptoid sequence or environmental conditions. Further experiments highlight the crucial role of the NHC sites in the formation and stabilization of these nanohybrids. This modular strategy offers a versatile route to fabricating functional NHC-based nanohybrids for potential applications in sensing.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

Unraveling the Mechanism of Interfacial Charge Transfer and Photoresponsivity of WS 2 Quantum Dots/MoS 2 (0D–2D) Heterostructure-Based Transistors

To assess the efficacy of a mixed-dimensional van der Waals (vdW) heterostructure in modulating the optoelectronic responses of nanodevices, the charge transport properties of the transition-metal dichalcogenide (TMD)-based heterostructure comprising zero-dimensional (0D) WS 2 quantum dots (QDs) and two-dimensional (2D) MoS 2 flakes are critically analyzed. Herein, a facile strategy was materialized in developing an atomically thin phototransistor assembled from mechanically exfoliated MoS 2 and WS 2 QDs synthesized using a one-pot hydrothermal route. The amalgamated photodetectors exhibited a high responsivity of ∼8000 A/W at an incident power of 0.05 nW of white light, surpassing that of the pristine MoS 2 devices. Furthermore, the detectivity of pristine MoS 2 , which was on the order of 10 10 , increased to 10 12 Jones for the WS 2 QDs/MoS 2 heterostructure photodetector, outperforming other WS 2 -based materials. The quasiparticle band gap and density of states (DOS) are further analyzed to elucidate the photophysics of the WS 2 QD/MoS 2 hybrid assembly. The difference in the work function between MoS 2 and WS 2 QDs gives rise to an electric field across the 0D–2D interface, facilitating effective charge separation and migration and contributing to the enhancement of photoresponsivity. The analysis of optical responses using density functional theory (DFT) revealed stronger absorption and less reflection over a broader spectrum of wavelengths for the heterostructure compared to the pristine materials. The estimated optical conductivity aligns well with the experimentally predicted maximum photoresponsivity under visible light, which is attributed to the high absorbance of 2D MoS 2 . In conclusion, combining diverse spectroscopic and imaging techniques with quantum simulation provides insights that clarify the pertinence of 0D–2D TMDs in designing phototransistors.

WS2 QDs/MoS2 heterostructure↗
DOE OSTI2024

Insights into Dopant-Mediated Tuning of Silica-Supported Mo Metal Centers for Enhanced Olefin Metathesis

Here, we show that the electronic environment around active Mo centers supported on mesoporous silicates can be tuned by the addition of transition metals creating highly dispersed bimetallic catalysts that display enhanced activity for ethylene + 2-butene metathesis to propylene. The bimetallic catalysts are prepared by incorporating electrophilic Lewis acid metals (M) such as Nb, Ta, Zr, or Hf as dopant promoters into mesoporous KIT-6 supports using a one-pot sol–gel technique followed by impregnation of the Mo species. All the bimetallic Mo/M-KIT-6 catalysts display better activity than monometallic Mo/KIT-6 catalyst (28.7 ± 1.1 mmol (mol Mo s ) –1 ), with (Mo/Nb-KIT-6) catalysts exhibiting maximum propylene formation rates (54.2 ± 0.5 mmol (mol Mo s ) –1 ) at an identical Mo loading.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗