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NASA NTRS2026

Global Model Estimates of Atmospheric Al, Ca, Fe, Si, and Ti from Dust and Non-Dust Aerosols Informed by EMIT Surface Mineralogy and Evaluated Against Observations

Atmospheric deposition of micro-nutrients like Fe has been shown to be important for ocean biogeochemistry. The largest source of atmospheric Fe and other elements (e.g., Ca, Al, Si, and Ti) is desert dust, although there are significant non-dust sources in some regions. However, past estimates of these elements have been substantially uncertain due to limited information about the composition of the desert source regions. Here we use elemental distributions estimated from new Earth Surface Mineral Dust Source Investigation (EMIT) observations, which provide mineralogical composition at the surface of the Earth based on imaging spectroscopy measurements from the International Space Station. We add in other sources of these elements (anthropogenic and natural) and compare to a compilation of available surface concentration data from stations over land and from shipborne observations. Our results suggest that the modeled distribution is similar to available observations, but discrepancies still exist in both natural desert dust regions as well as regions dominated by anthropogenic sources. Global budgets for the elements Ca, Al, Fe, Si, and Ti suggest that desert dust remains the dominant source for these elements but anthropogenic or volcanic sources are also important for these elements. Changes in elemental distributions since preindustrial times were also estimated.

aerosols↗
DOE OSTI2025

Decoupling the capacity fade contributions in polymer electrolyte-based high-voltage solid-state batteries

Polymer electrolyte (PE)-based solid-state batteries (PE-SSBs) made with high-voltage cathodes are known to suffer from severe capacity fade, stemming primarily from the poor oxidative stability of most PEs under high-voltage cycling conditions. PEs also suffer from greater ion-transport limitations compared to liquid or solid electrolytes. However, often, these limitations are collectively stated to be responsible for the observed capacity fade, and it is challenging to decouple the contributions of different factors. Herein, a tunable cell fabrication platform was developed to systematically investigate and decouple the two primary capacity fade drivers (cell impedance growth and kinetic limitations), while keeping the other cell parameters constant. Three PE types with distinct transport characteristics were compared. By utilizing a voltage profile analysis method, the contribution of the cell's internal impedance growth was quantitatively decoupled from the kinetic limitations stemming from the high concentration gradient in the polymer catholyte and slow charge transfer reactions. We demonstrate that the high interfacial impedance did not necessarily correlate with the high capacity fade rate. Kinetic limitations that are not reflected by impedance measurements can play a dominant role in causing cumulative capacity decay.

Ock, Ji-young [Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL↗
NASA NTRS2005

Chapter 21 - Avionics

This Section presents general guidance for flight testing of avionics systems. Due to the complex and ever changing nature of avionics systems, specific detailed test methods and analysis techniques are left to current and future system specific AGARDographs such as references 21-1 and 21-2. This section will provide descriptions of test methods which are generic to most current and future avionics systems. The field of avionics systems was divided into four general categories (autopilot, navigation and communication, offensive, and defensive) and a fifth overall test category of integration. This was accomplished only for the convenience in presenting the material. These categories are not meant to encompass all avionics systems but are intended to be sufficiently general to enable a systematic discussion of the testing of the basic types of avionics systems.

Ron Mahlum↗
NASA NTRS2005

Chapter 17 - Airframe Tests

This Section outlines the flight testing required to demonstrate that each of the systems installed in an aircraft is suitable for its operational role(s). It is primarily written from the perspective of a military Flight Test Engineer (FTE) but most of the contents are applicable to civil aircraft. Reflecting the introductory nature of this Volume, its scope is limited to systems normally found in all aircraft, e.g., fuel, hydraulic, electrical, etc., systems. The tests described below are usually made under the prevailing ambient conditions and, to assess behaviour under climatic extremes and in all weathers, further testing is conducted as described in Section 18. Tests of the propulsion system are covered separately in Section 23, but for systems associated with specific roles the reader should consult appropriate specialized sources.

J K Appleford↗
NASA NTRS2026

Effects of Multisensory Virtual Reality Nature on Affect, Presence, and Restorativeness

Virtual reality (VR) can provide access to restorative environments and sensory stimulation for individuals in isolated, confined, and extreme environments. We developed a nature-based VR intervention featuring three scenes (Garden, Forest, Beach) and examined the effects of multisensory augmentation with location-based olfactory, wind, and thermal stimuli (VR+OWT). Over a two-week period, fifty-one participants were assigned to a no-intervention control, standard audiovisual VR, or augmented VR (VR+OWT) condition. Data collection included weekly assessments of affect, stress, and cognitive performance; post-VR measures of affect, presence, and perceived restorativeness; and open-ended feedback. Both VR and VR+OWT groups produced immediate and sustained reductions in negative affect with no sustained systematic benefits on cognitive performance. The addition of olfactory, wind, and thermal stimuli enhanced presence for some scenes; however, feedback indicated that sensory mismatches and stimulus intensity occasionally detracted from the experience and may have contributed to lower coherence ratings in the VR+OWT group. In contrast, the perceived restorativeness of the VR environment was driven primarily by scene content (Garden vs Forest vs Beach) rather than the level of sensory stimulation. These findings support the potential of virtual nature to promote well-being and underscore the importance of coherence across sensory modalities for multisensory augmentation.

Virtual Reality Intervention↗
DOE OSTI1996

Nuclear Safety [Vol. 37, No. 1, January-March 1996]

Nuclear Safety is a journal that covers significant issues in the field of nuclear safety. Its primary scope is safety in the design, construction, operation, and decommissioning of nuclear power reactors worldwide and the research and analysis activities that promote this goal, but it also encompasses the safety aspects of the entire nuclear fuel cycle, including fuel fabrication, spent-fuel processing and handling, and nuclear waste disposal, the handling of fissionable materials and radioisotopes, and the environmental effects of all these activities. Table of Contents for this issue follows. GENERAL SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS: 1 A Decision Support System for Maintenance Management of a Boiling-Water Reactor Power Plant, J. H. Shen, A. Ray, and S. Levine; ACCIDENT ANALYSIS: 12 On Prediction of the Ignition Potential of Uranium Metal and Hydride, M. Epstein, W. Luangdilok, M. G. Plys, and H. K. Fauske; 26 An Overview of the Primary Parameters and Methods for Determining Condensation Heat Transfer to Containment Structures, J. Green and K. Almenas; DESIGN FEATURES: 49 Modem Tornado Design of Nuclear and Other Potentially Hazardous Facilities, J. D. Stevenson and Y. Zaho; U.S. NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION INFORMATION AND ANALYSES: 73 1994 Accident Sequence Precursor Program Results, R. J. Belles, J. W. Cletcher, D. A. Copinger, B. W. Dolan, J. W. Minarick, and P. D. O'Reilly; ANNOUNCEMENTS: 93 American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AlChE) Spring 1997 National Meeting; 94 European Safety and Reliability Association International Conference on Safety and Reliability ESREL ’97; 95 Criticality Safety Challenges in the Next Decade; 96 21st International Symposium on the Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management; 84 The Authors; 88 Letter to the Editor; 90 Indexes to Nuclear Safety, Volume 36.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Modeling Radiolysis and Chemical Reactions during Dry Storage of Aluminum-clad Spent Nuclear Fuel

After aluminum-clad spent nuclear fuel (ASNF) is removed from the reactor, it is initially stored in spent fuel pools, which are specially designed water-filled basins that provide temporary cooling to reduce the temperature of the fuel assemblies and provide radiation shielding. ASNF continues to generate heat due to the radioactive decay of elements within the fuel, which persists for many years post-shutdown as the residual radioactive products decay into more stable elements. During the wet storage period, an oxyhydroxide layer composed of boehmite/bayerite forms on the surfaces of the aluminum cladding from exposure to water in the pools. Road-ready packaging for long-term disposition of the ASNF involves dry storage in helium backfilled DOE standard canisters (DSCs). When the ASNF is removed from water storage and dried, most of the water is removed, but some physisorbed and chemisorbed water remains in the oxyhydroxide layers. This residual water can produce hydrogen when exposed to radiation from the ASNF during dry storage. Predicting hydrogen accumulation over time in the DSCs is critical for long-term storage considerations. Previous modeling efforts have developed coupled computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-chemical models to simulate temperature, pressure, and gas phase concentrations within the DSCs. These models use the thermal field predicted by CFD as input to a radiolysis model for the gas phase and the surface oxyhydroxide layer chemistry. Given the long storage period of the DSCs and the impracticality of long-term experiments, a simulation-based approach is necessary to assess chemical evolution within the canisters. This study advances the development of a modeling framework designed to simulate the chemical evolution of spent fuel canisters. Both thermal and radiation-driven reactions are considered, with radiation kinetics quantified using G-values. Sensitivity analysis identifies key parameters influencing species composition. Reaction pathway diagrams offer insight into dominant species formation routes, enabling more effective comparisons between model predictions and experimental observations, particularly regarding the production of hydrogen. Results show that the model predicts significant hydrogen gas production with minimal oxygen generation, primarily due to hydrogen formation via boehmite pathways. These findings underscore the importance of accurately characterizing surface-bound species and radiolysis kinetics. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms is critical for evaluating the long-term safety of nuclear waste storage.

12 - MGMT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE WASTE↗
NASA NTRS2026

GVIPS Prediction of Cyclic Ratchetting Behavior and Cycles with Interrupted Relaxation Periods of TIMETAL 21S at 650 °C

The predictive performance of a multimechanism GVIPS model with saturating hardening function is assessed against a set of high temperature cyclic experiments under both strain-control and stress-control at varying rates of loading as well as several complex interrupted cyclic responses. The material specimens were composed of the titanium alloy, TIMETAL 21S, and tested at 650 °C, see Lissenden et al., 2007. The model did a very good job of predicting the variety of tests, particularly given the fact that only monotonic loading tests (tensile, creep, relaxation) and a single fully reversed cycle was used for characterization. It was particularly interesting that the model was capable of reasonably capturing the rate of accumulated strain during ratchetting under tensile mean stress. Given complex interrupted cyclic response, the model was able to both qualitatively and even quantitatively predict reasonably well both the cyclic and associated relaxation periods (in all quadrants of the stress-strain space) thus confirming the validity of the chosen functional forms for both hardening and thermal recovery. The quantitative inaccuracy is associated with the fact that the material specimens tested by Lissenden et al., 2007 was significantly “softer” than those tested by Castelli in Saleeb et al., 1994 which were used for characterization of the GVIPS model parameters.

Viscoplaticity↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

NASA Space Launch System Artemis I & II Post Flight Ascent Aerothermal Environments Overview

Since 2011 the Aerosciences Branch/EV33 at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center has been involved with the development of ascent external aerothermal environments for the NASA Space Launch System (SLS) Block 1 launch vehicle for the purposes of supporting thermal analysis and the design of thermal protection systems. The SLS Block 1 Artemis I and II launch vehicles successfully launched from Pad39B at NASA Kennedy Space Center on November 16th, 2022 and April 1st, 2026, respectively. Over 70 aerothermal islands, consisting of over 265 operational instruments captured aerodynamic heating and plume induced environments throughout the launch vehicles. Gauges consisted of calorimeters, radiometers, gas temperature probes, pressure transducers, bi-directional pressure probes and thermocouples. Prior to launch, aerothermal design environment models were generated to predict ascent aerodynamic heating and plume induced environments over a design space that covered a range of vehicle trajectories that varied atmospheric, vehicle performance, and off-nominal, engine-out conditions. Post flight reconstruction models were developed for each flight island using the Day-of-Launch (DOL) Best Equivalent Trajectory (BET) that provided freestream conditions and propulsion system boundary conditions. This paper discusses a summary of the ascent aerothermal environments observed during the flights and the respective modelling approaches and the performance of them through comparisons of flight data and predictions.

aerothermodynamics↗
DOE OSTI2024

Hamiltonian switching control of noisy bipartite qubit systems

Abstract We develop a Hamiltonian switching ansatz for bipartite control that is inspired by the quantum approximate optimization algorithm, to mitigate environmental noise on qubits. We demonstrate the control for a central spin coupled to bath spins via isotropic Heisenberg interactions, and then make physical applications to the protection of quantum gates performed on superconducting transmon qubits coupling to environmental two-level-systems (TLSs) through dipole-dipole interactions, as well as on such qubits coupled to both TLSs and a Lindblad bath. The control field is classical and acts only on the system qubits. We use reinforcement learning with policy gradient to optimize the Hamiltonian switching control protocols, using a fidelity objective for specific target quantum gates. We use this approach to demonstrate effective suppression of both coherent and dissipative noise, with numerical studies achieving target gate implementations with fidelities over 0.9999 (four nines) in the majority of our test cases and showing improvement beyond this to values of 0.999 999 999 (nine nines) upon a subsequent optimization by GRadient Ascent Pulse Engineering (GRAPE). We analyze how the control depth, total evolution time, number of environmental TLS, and choice of optimization method affect the fidelity achieved by the optimal protocols and reveal some critical behaviors of bipartite control of quantum gates.

Physics↗
DOE OSTI2026

Coupled Chemical and Mechanical Control of Phase Stability in Lanthanide-Substituted BiVO 4

Doping is widely used to enhance the photoelectrochemical performance of BiVO 4 , yet solubility limits and polymorphic stability constrain compositional tuning. Here, in this study, the role of trivalent cation substitution (Ln = La, Nd, Dy, Ho, Y) on pressure-induced phase transformations in Bi 1–x Ln x VO 4 (x ≤ 0.5) is described. Powder X-ray and neutron diffraction reveal that increasing Ln content stabilizes the tetragonal zircon-type polymorph under ambient conditions, while applied pressures of up to ∼5 GPa promote conversion to the monoclinic fergusonite-type polymorph. In-situ neutron diffraction on Bi 0.8 La 0.2 VO 4 shows a reversible monoclinic to tetragonal transition near 2–3 GPa with a bulk modulus of 147 GPa. The extent of conversion depends strongly on dopant identity, concentration, and synthetic route, with mixed-phase solid-state samples converting more efficiently than phase-pure coprecipitated materials. These results demonstrate pressure as a viable pathway to access metastable, doped BiVO 4 compositions beyond conventional solubility limits.

Sypkes, Kathryn I. [University of Sydney, NSW (Aus↗
DOE OSTI2026

The Reaction of Atomic Hydrogen with an Imine: Direct Kinetic Measurements and Computational Studies

Imines are of interest in the combustion modeling of nitrogen-based fuels such as ammonia, as intermediates in atmospheric oxidation of amines, and may offer a new class of environmentally benign substitutes for perhalogenated reagents. Elementary gas-phase rate constants for the consumption of H atoms by 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanimine were measured over 294–736 K using the laser flash photolysis/atomic resonance fluorescence technique. The results are summarized as 3.0 × 10 –11 exp(−14.5 kJ mol –1 /RT) cm 3 molecule –1 s –1 with a confidence interval of ±13%. These are the first temperature-dependent kinetic experiments on an imine of the form R 2 C═NH and thereby provide the only validation of transition-state modeling for such systems. Several pathways are feasible; comparison of theory and experiment suggests the dominant channel is addition of H atoms to the nitrogen atom. On this basis, the observations are rationalized quantitatively. Computations also yield the thermochemistry of (CF 3 ) 2 CNH, with Δ f H 298 = −1232 kJ mol –1 .

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
NASA NTRS1977

Geochemical Zoning and Early Differentiation in the Moon

The volatile elements (e.g., Rb, Pb, Tl, Bi, Cs) seem to have been depleted at the time of lunar accretion. Accordingly, it may be assumed that the moon initially accreted from refractory material. The good correlation between volatile/involatile element ratios (e.g., Cs/U, K/La, K/Zr) in both highland and maria samples means that element distribution in lunar crustal rocks is not governed by volatility differences. This and other evidence encourages the view that the moon was accreted homogeneously. A consequence of homogeneous accretion theories is that very efficient large-scale element fractionation is required to account both for the high near-surface concentrations of refractory elements (e.g., Th, U, REE, Zr, Ba, etc.) and for the Ca-Al-rich crust.

S R Taylor↗
NASA NTRS2015

Development of Li-Metal Battery Cell Chemistries at NASA Glenn Research Center

State-of-the-Art lithium-ion battery technology is limited by specific energy and thus not sufficiently advanced to support the energy storage necessary for aerospace needs, such as all-electric aircraft and many deep space NASA exploration missions. In response to this technological gap, our research team at NASA Glenn Research Center has been active in formulating concepts and developing testing hardware and components for Li-metal battery cell chemistries. Lithium metal anodes combined with advanced cathode materials could provide up to five times the specific energy versus state-of-the-art lithium-ion cells (1000 Whkg versus 200 Whkg). Although Lithium metal anodes offer very high theoretical capacity, they have not been shown to successfully operate reversibly.

battery↗
DOE OSTI2026

Commercial and Industrial Energy Procurement in Nigeria: A Consumer's Guidebook

Across Africa, countries have incorporated a variety of new energy sources into their energy mix to account for increasing demand. In Nigeria, electricity consumption per capita has grown nearly 50% in the past 20 years. To address rising demand for energy in Nigeria, the country has passed several recent policies and regulations aimed at increasing energy generation across the country, improving the country's transmission infrastructure, and ensuring that electricity reliably reaches end users, including commercial and industrial (C&I) customers. This guidebook is designed for C&I customers in Nigeria to use in the consideration of procuring such onsite, captive energy systems to supplement their energy needs. Each section of this guidebook touches on a step of the procurement process and details the relevant stakeholders, processes, and data needed to make decisions during that step.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2026

Commercialization of the NLR Hydrogen Wide Area Monitor (HyWAM): Cooperative Research and Development (Final Report)

Hydrogen wide area monitoring refers to the temporal and quantitative 3-dimenasional spatial profiling of hydrogen plumes following either intentional or unintentional hydrogen releases. A hydrogen wide area monitor (HyWAM) would have applications as a research tool, for example to provide empirical data on the behavior of hydrogen dispersions following a release, which in turn can be used to validate modelling studies. Support of modeling studies and commercial applications are interrelated, since modeling can serve to guide HyWAM deployment for enhanced safety within medium to large scale hydrogen operations, such as those envisioned by H2@Scale.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2025

Modulation of thermal conductivity of iron-doped ß-Ga2O3 by helium-ion irradiation

This study examines the impact of helium-ion irradiation on the thermal conductivity of ß-Ga2O3. A laser-based spatial domain thermoreflectance technique is used to investigate thermal conductivity map for both un-irradiated and irradiated ß-Ga2O3, which are then validated against simulation results derived from density functional theory-based phonon transport simulations. Since helium bubble evolution was ob- served at the nanoscale using transmission electron microscopy, the simulation study was carried out on eight distinct helium-induced sites in ß-Ga2O3. Our findings indicate a reduction in thermal conductivity for the irradiated samples. Experimental results show a significant reduction in thermal conductivity in irradiated samples, with de- creases of approximately 25% along the [100] direction and 40% along [001] directions. Phonon transport simulations closely replicate these findings, particularly when helium occupying interstitial sites, predicting reductions of ˜53% along [100] and ˜50% along [001] directions. This work underscores the role of irradiation-induced microstructural changes in the heat transport properties of ß-Ga2O3 which is crucial for its application in sensor devices in extreme environments.

36 - MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1992

On the isotopic signature of recent solar-wind nitrogen

One of the most intriguing discoveries yielded by the Apollo samples was evidence pointing towards a significant long-term change in the composition of the sun. Such a change, of the size inferred from the lunar sample data, is inconsistent with present theories of solar evolution. Consequently, there is much interest in exploring this phenomenon as closely as possible, to determine exactly what compositional changes have taken place and whether those changes really did take place in the sun, or whether the cause lies elsewhere. The reason why we can use the moon to analyze the elements in the sun is that the sun emits a stream of ions, known as the solar wind, whose composition, on average, is believed to be the same as that in the surface regions of the sun. When the solar-wind ions hit the surface of the moon, many of them penetrate a short distance into the dust grains lying on the lunar surface. Thus, after a grain has sat on the lunar surface for a while, it has a rim of material that is partly lunar and partly solar in composition. For most chemical elements, the difference between lunar and solar composition is so sufficiently small that the solar elements cannot be detected, but for a handful of elements that are missing from the moon, their solar 'signature' can be observed in samples of lunar soil brought back by the astronauts. Among those elements is nitrogen, the most common element in the air we breathe, but very rare indeed on the moon. Our analytical techniques are not sophisticated enough yet to enable us to analyze individual lunar soil grains for nitrogen, much less to zero in on just the nitrogen in the surface of such a grain. Consequently we are forced to analyze samples consisting of many different grains, each of which could have experienced its own individual history. This makes it difficult to identify the nitrogen implanted in grain surfaces, and also to define the age of a sample.

Kim, Y.↗