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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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16 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2014

Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 210

Evaluated spectroscopic data for {sup 210}Au, {sup 210}Hg, {sup 210}Tl, {sup 210}Pb, {sup 210}Bi, {sup 210}Po, {sup 210}At, {sup 210}Rn, {sup 210}Fr, {sup 210}Ra, {sup 210}Ac, and {sup 210}Th and corresponding level schemes from radioactive decay and reaction studies are presented. This evaluation supersedes the previous evaluation by E. Browne (2003Br13). Highlights of this publication are the identification of new μs isomers of {sup 210}Hg by 2013Go10 and measurement of an excited level energy at 1709 keV 30 of {sup 210}Rn from {sup 214}Rn α decay: 68.6 μs by 2006Ku26 denoted as x+1664.6 in the Adopted Levels. Earlier experimental limits for x≤50 keV was proposed in 1979Po19 and 1982Po03 – (HI,xnγ)

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Determination of the α -decay half-life of Po 210 based on film and slice bismuth samples at room temperature

For this research, the α decay rate of 210 Po was measured in a film sample ( 210 Po@Bi 2 O 3 ) and a slice sample ( 210 Po@Bi metal), respectively. The former was used as a reference sample. The half-lives of 210 Po@Bi 2 O 3 and 210 Po@Bi metal environments were observed to be (138.40 ± 0.21 d) and (138.87 ± 0.87 d) at room temperature, respectively. It was found that the half-life of 210 Po is consistent with international recommendations within the uncertainty limits, and we did not find any deviation of the α decay rate of 210 Po between film sample ( 210 Po@Bi 2 O 3 ) and slice sample ( 210 Po@Bi metal).

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Removal of {sup 222}Rn daughters from metal surfaces

Removal of the long-lived {sup 222}Rn daughters ({sup 210}Pb, {sup 210}Bi and {sup 210}Po) from copper, stainless steel and germanium surfaces was investigated. As cleaning techniques etching and electro-polishing was applied to samples in a form of discs exposed earlier to a strong radon source. Reduction of the {sup 210}Pb activity was tested using a HPGe spectrometer, for {sup 210}Bi a beta spectrometer and for {sup 210}Po an alpha spectrometer was used. According to the conducted measurements electro-polishing was always more efficient compared to etching and in case of copper the activity reduction factors for {sup 210}Pb, {sup 210}Bi and {sup 210}Po were between 200 and 400. Etching does not remove {sup 210}Po from copper but works very efficiently from germanium. Results obtained for {sup 210}Pb and {sup 210}Bi for etched stainless steel were worse but still slightly better than those achieved for copper.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2014

The Karlsruhe Astrophysical Database of Nucleosynthesis in Stars Project – Status and Prospects

The KADoNiS (Karlsruhe Astrophysical Database of Nucleosynthesis in Stars) project is an astrophysical online database for cross sections relevant for nucleosynthesis in the s process and the γ process. The s-process database ( (http://www.kadonis.org)) was started in 2005 and is presently facing its 4th update (KADoNiS v1.0). The γ-process database (KADoNiS-p, (http://www.kadonis.org/pprocess)) was recently revised and re-launched in March 2013. Both databases are compilations for experimental cross sections with relevance to heavy ion nucleosynthesis. For the s process recommended Maxwellian averaged cross sections for kT=5−100 keV are given for more than 360 isotopes between {sup 1}H and {sup 210}Bi. For the γ-process database all available experimental data from (p,γ),(p,n),(p,α),(α,γ),(α,n), and (α,p) reactions between {sup 70}Ge and {sup 209}Bi in or close to the respective Gamow window were collected and can be compared to theoretical predictions. The aim of both databases is a quick and user-friendly access to the available data in the astrophysically relevant energy regions.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Excitations of one-valence-proton, one-valence-neutron nucleus {sup 210}Bi from cold-neutron capture

The low-spin structure of one-proton, one-neutron {sup 210}Bi nucleus was investigated in cold-neutron capture reaction on {sup 209}Bi. The γ-coincidence measurements were performed with use of EXILL array consisted of 16 HPGe detectors. The experimental results were compared to shell-model calculations involving valence particles excitations. The {sup 210}Bi nucleus offers the potential to test the effective proton-neutron interactions because most of the states should arise from the proton-neutron excitations. Additionally, it was discovered that a few states should come from the couplings of valence particles to the 3{sup −} octupole vibration in {sup 208}Pb which provides also the possibility of testing the calculations involving the core excitations.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2018

Modeling of Lead-210 Data Documents Benefits in Proactively Understanding TENORM Deposition - 18515

Radioactive decay of naturally occurring Radon-222 present in just-produced natural gas can lead to deposition of its radiogenic daughter, Lead-210, and subsequent radiogenic progeny within natural gas handling, treatment, and distribution facilities. Worker safety issues and disposal challenges arise when these accumulate to radiologically problematic activity levels. This is due to the 22.3-year half-life of Lead-210, allowing for multi-decade period of accumulation to occur and to persist, even after facility operations have ceased. Due to the far shorter half-lives of Lead-210 radiogenic progeny, especially that of Polonium-210, secular equilibrium within the Lead-210-Bismuth-210-Polonium-210 decay chain is quickly approached during facility operations and achieved after facility operations end. Lead-210 that accumulates in pipe scale can complicate any subsequent intrusive facility modifications, such as disassembly and dismantlement, potentially exposing workers to adverse radioactivity and impeding recycling and/or disposal of radiologically impacted equipment or other material. Experience has shown it is not strictly the presence of Lead-210 that is problematic but rather its 'unexpected' presence when this Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (TENORM) is discovered during intrusive work not incorporating radiological health and safety and material handling plans. Conversely, when implementing a program that proactively considers the potential for Lead-210, this form of TENORM simply becomes another 'special waste' that can be safely, efficiently, and effectively addressed during a decommissioning effort, without associated adverse worker exposures, project cost over-runs, and schedule delays. This paper will discuss how proactive radioactive scanning quickly and safely identified Lead-210 and its radiogenic progeny within a natural gas sweetening and compressor station located in northern Montana, a portion of which was undergoing decommissioning, aiding in safe and compliant material handling and recycling. The location of this operation necessitated that the decommissioning program be completed on schedule to prevent weather-related impacts due to the onset of adverse winter conditions. Further, the radioactive data acquired during this project will be shown to provide important insight into historic behavior of Lead-210 in terms of its disposition and its more recent decay. From these data, it became possible to back-model the average activity of Radon-222 within the natural gas being processed during the life of the operation, how the estimated Radon-222 activity within the processed natural gas conformed to measured Radon-222 at various other natural gas fields, and how this information can be leveraged in developing safe and successful plans for future intrusive work at this and companion site operations. This presentation will also note the apparent preferential accumulation of Lead-210 within both rubber-based materials, such as gaskets and seals, and grease-based products found within natural gas flow lines. Thoughts regarding processes that may lead to this finding will be explored. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2013

Rapid determination of 210 Po in water samples

A new rapid method for the determination of 210 Po in water samples has been developed at the Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) that can be used for emergency response or routine water analyses. If a radiological dispersive device (RDD) event or a radiological attack associated with drinking water supplies occurs, there will be an urgent need for rapid analyses of water samples, including drinking water, ground water and other water effluents. Current analytical methods for the assay of 210 Po in water samples have typically involved spontaneous auto-deposition of 210 Po onto silver or other metal disks followed by counting by alpha spectrometry. The auto-deposition times range from 90 minutes to 24 hours or more, at times with yields that may be less than desirable. If sample interferences are present, decreased yields and degraded alpha spectrums can occur due to unpredictable thickening in the deposited layer. Separation methods have focused on the use of Sr Resin, often in combination with 210 Pb analysis. A new rapid method for 210 Po in water samples has been developed at the Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) that utilizes a rapid calcium phosphate co-precipitation method, separation using DGA Resin (N,N,N,N-tetraoctyldiglycolamide extractant-coated resin, Eichrom Technologies or Triskem-International), followed by rapid microprecipitation of 210 Po using bismuth phosphate for counting by alpha spectrometry. This new method can be performed quickly with excellent removal of interferences, high chemical yields and very good alpha peak resolution, eliminating any potential problems with the alpha source preparation for emergency or routine samples. A rapid sequential separation method to separate 210 Po and actinide isotopes was also developed. This new approach, rapid separation with DGA Resin plus microprecipitation for alpha source preparation, is a significant advance in radiochemistry for the rapid determination of 210 Po.

38 RADIATION CHEMISTRY, RADIOCHEMISTRY, AND NUCLEA↗
DOE OSTI2019

Shape regulation of high-index facet nanoparticles by dealloying

Tetrahexahedral particles (~10 to ~500 nanometers) composed of platinum (Pt), palladium, rhodium, nickel, and cobalt, as well as a library of bimetallic compositions, were synthesized on silicon wafers and on catalytic supports by a ligand-free, solid-state reaction that used trace elements [antimony (Sb), bismuth (Bi), lead, or tellurium] to stabilize high-index facets. Both simulation and experiment confirmed that this method stabilized the {210} planes. A study of the PtSb system showed that the tetrahexahedron shape resulted from the evaporative removal of Sb from the initial alloy—a shape-regulating process fundamentally different from solution-phase, ligand-dependent processes. The current density at a fixed potential for the electro-oxidation of formic acid with a commercial Pt/carbon catalyst increased by a factor of 20 after transformation with Bi into tetrahexahedral particles.

Huang, Liliang (ORCID:0000000234740846)↗
DOE OSTI2019

Novel rapid oxidizing fusion method to determine Polonium-210 in air filters

A rapid method for the determination of polonium-210 in air filters has been created for use following a radiological event and for routine environmental monitoring. Air filter samples, including cellulose and glass fiber, are fused with a sodium or potassium nitrate/sodium hydroxide flux material. The alkaline matrix minimizes polonium volatility during sample digestion steps, while efficiently dissolving the air filter and inorganic matter implanted on the filter. The addition of nitrate to the flux destroys organic material which can decrease Polonium recovery during precipitation, extraction and source preparation steps. Polonium is concentrated and separated from the sample matrix using an iron hydroxide precipitation and extraction chromatography with DGA Resin. Polonium-210 is subsequently measured by alpha spectrometry following rapid microprecipitation with bismuth phosphate. The new method employs extraction chromatographic purification to remove alpha emitting interferences and sample matrix constituents which can interfere with 210 Po measurements using alpha spectrometry. The novel blend of sodium hydroxide and alkali metal nitrate digests the air filters quickly and effectively.

61 RADIATION PROTECTION AND DOSIMETRY↗
DOE OSTI2015

Crystal structure and electron density distribution of La{sub 1.9}Bi{sub 0.1}Mo{sub 2}O{sub 9-δ} fast oxide ion conductor

Structural property of polycrystalline La{sub 1.9}Bi{sub 0.1}Mo{sub 2}O{sub 9-δ} has been investigated. Rietveld refinement at room temperature of the material suggests single phase nature with cubic symmetry (space group P2{sub 1}3). The electron charge density contour map has been successfully obtained from Rietveld analysis. It has been found that oxygen ion migration is favourable for (210) plane than (63-1) and (110) planes.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2013

Decommissioning and PIE of the MEGAPIE spallation target

A key experiment in the Accelerated Driven Systems roadmap, the MEGAwatt PIlot Experiment (MEGAPIE) (1 MW) was initiated in 1999 in order to design and build a liquid lead-bismuth spallation target, then to operate it into the Swiss spallation neutron facility SINQ at Paul Scherrer Institute. The target has been designed, manufactured, and tested during integral tests, before irradiation carried out end of 2006. During irradiation, neutron and thermo hydraulic measurements were performed allowing deep interpretation of the experiment and validation of the models used during design phase. The decommissioning, Post Irradiation Examinations and waste management phases were defined properly. The phases dedicated to cutting, sampling, cleaning, waste management, samples preparation and shipping to various laboratories were performed by PSI teams: all these phases constitute a huge work, which allows now to perform post-irradiation examination (PIE) of structural material, irradiated in relevant conditions. Preliminary results are presented in the paper, they concern chemical characterization. The following radio-nuclides have been identified by γ-spectrometry: {sup 60}Co, {sup 101}Rh, {sup 102}Rh, {sup 108m}Ag, {sup 110m}Ag, {sup 133}Ba, {sup 172}Hf/Lu, {sup 173}Lu, {sup 194}Hg/Au, {sup 195}Au, {sup 207}Bi. For some of these nuclides the activities can be easily evaluated from γ-spectrometry results ({sup 207}Bi, {sup 194}Hg/Au), while other nuclides can only be determined after chemical separations ({sup 108m}Ag, {sup 110m}Ag, {sup 195}Au, {sup 129}I, {sup 36}Cl and α-emitting {sup 208-210}Po). The concentration of {sup 129}I is lower than expected. The chemical analysis already performed on spallation and corrosion products in the lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) are very relevant for further applications of LBE as a spallation media and more generally as a coolant.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2014

Atomic layer deposition of bismuth oxide using Bi(OCMe{sub 2}{sup i}Pr){sub 3} and H{sub 2}O

Bismuth oxide thin films were deposited by atomic layer deposition using Bi(OCMe{sub 2}{sup i}Pr){sub 3} and H{sub 2}O at deposition temperatures between 90 and 270 °C on Si{sub 3}N{sub 4}, TaN, and TiN substrates. Films were analyzed using spectroscopic ellipsometry, x-ray diffraction, x-ray reflectivity, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. Bi{sub 2}O{sub 3} films deposited at 150 °C have a linear growth per cycle of 0.039 nm/cycle, density of 8.3 g/cm{sup 3}, band gap of approximately 2.9 eV, low carbon content, and show the β phase structure with a (201) preferred crystal orientation. Deposition temperatures above 210 °C and postdeposition anneals caused uneven volumetric expansion, resulting in a decrease in film density, increased interfacial roughness, and degraded optical properties.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2021

Stable bismuth-antimony alloy cathode with a conversion-dissolution/deposition mechanism for high-performance zinc batteries

Although a large number of intercalation cathode materials for aqueous Zn batteries have been reported, limited intercalation capacity precludes achieving a higher energy density. Here, for this work, we develop a high-performance aqueous Zn battery based on BiSb alloy (Bi 0.5 Sb 0.5 ) using a high-concentrated strong-basic polyelectrolyte. We demonstrate that a conversion-dissolution/deposition electrochemical mechanism (BiSb ↔ Bi + SbO 2 – ↔ Bi + SbO 3 – ↔ Bi 2 O 3 ) through in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman, and ex-situ X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS) characterizations with the help of density functional theory calculations. The BiSb cathode delivers large capacity of 512 mAh g –1 at 0.3 Ag –1 and superior rate capability of 90 mAh g –1 even at 20 Ag –1 , and long-term cyclability with capacity retentions of 184 mAh g –1 after 600 cycles at 0.5 Ag –1 and 130 mAh g –1 after 1300 cycles at 1 Ag –1 . Remarkably, even at temperatures as low as –10 and –20 °C, capacities of 210 and 197 mAh g –1 are reserved at 1 Ag –1 , respectively. Moreover, the prepared pouch Zn//BiSb battery delivers a high energy density of 303 Wh kg –1 BiSb at 0.3 Ag –1 . When coupled with a high concentration polyelectrolyte, the Zn/BiSb battery exhibits an excellent performance over a wide temperature range (–40 to 40 °C). Our research reveals the metal cathode is promising for Zn batteries to achieve a high performance with the unique mechanism and alloys can be an effective approach to stabilize metal electrodes for cycling.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Electronic tuning of the transport properties of off-stoichiometric Pb{sub x}Sn{sub 1−x}Te thermoelectric alloys by Bi{sub 2}Te{sub 3} doping

The recent energy demands affected by the dilution of conventional energy resources and the growing awareness of environmental considerations had motivated many researchers to seek for novel renewable energy conversion methods. Thermoelectric direct conversion of thermal into electrical energies is such a method, in which common compositions include IV-VI semiconducting compounds (e.g., PbTe and SnTe) and their alloys. For approaching practical thermoelectric devices, the current research is focused on electronic optimization of off-stoichiometric p-type Pb{sub x}Sn{sub 1−x}Te alloys by tuning of Bi{sub 2}Te{sub 3} doping and/or SnTe alloying levels, while avoiding the less mechanically favorable Na dopant. It was shown that upon such doping/alloying, higher ZTs, compared to those of previously reported undoped Pb{sub 0.5}Sn{sub 0.5}Te alloy, were obtained at temperatures lower than 210–340 °C, depending of the exact doping/alloying level. It was demonstrated that upon optimal grading of the carrier concentration, a maximal thermoelectric efficiency enhancement of ∼38%, compared to that of an undoped material, is expected.

30 DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION↗
DOE OSTI2012

A p-type Heusler compound: Growth, structure, and properties of epitaxial thin NiYBi films on MgO(100)

Epitaxial semiconducting NiYBi thin films were directly prepared on MgO(100) substrates by magnetron sputtering. The intensity ratio of the (200) and (400) diffraction peaks, I(200)/I(400) = 2.93, was close to the theoretical value (3.03). The electronic structure of NiYBi was calculated using wien2k, and a narrow indirect band gap of width of 210 meV was found. The valence band spectra of the films obtained by linear dichroism in hard x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy exhibit clear structures that are in good agreement with the calculated band structure of NiYBi.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Properties of epitaxial (210) iron garnet films exhibiting the magnetoelectric effect

The properties of epitaxial magnetic (LuBi){sub 3}(FeGa){sub 5}O{sub 12} iron garnet films grown on (210) substrates, which exhibit the magnetoelectric effect, are experimentally studied. The induced anisotropy and the behavior of the domain structure in the films are investigated in uniform and nonuniform external fields. The existing hypotheses about the nature of the magnetoelectric coupling in such films are critically analyzed.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗