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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

New opportunities in produced water management: A market-based approach to produced water trading

Produced water (PW) is a byproduct of oil and gas (O&G) production. Obtained alongside the more valuable energy products, PW is usually characterized by high levels of salinity and often contains many contaminants (chemicals, soluble and insoluble oil, organics, etc.) making it unsuitable for release without substantial treatment. Couple this with the fact that PW is typically obtained at multiple times the rate of oil or gas, and the added transport, treatment, and disposal costs become a serious challenge for operators. These realities have led to ad-hoc practices including cooperation between industry competitors to recycle, share, or otherwise mitigate PW costs. The National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) in partnership with the Ground Water Protection Council (GWPC) is pursuing novel technology solutions to address PW issues that complement or improve ad-hoc practices adopted by operators. In this paper, we observe that well-established market management practices used in electrical power generation have natural analogues in the PW supply chain. These parallels open up a new line of research where we view PW management as a market equilibrium problem, and explore solutions that foster active and data-based collaboration among operators through market structures similar to power markets, with the ultimate objective of improving PW management costs and recycling rates. Here, we make a case for our observations, present a PW market clearing optimization model that shows how such a market system could operate in the O&G space, and provide an illustrative case study for demonstration.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Absorbing the Sun: Operational Practices and Balancing Reserves in Florida's Municipal Utilities

The Florida Reliability Coordinating Council (FRCC) power system is comprised of multiple balancing authorities ranging in size from Gainesville Regional Utilities (GRU) with a 2019 summer net firm demand of 429 MW to Florida Power & Light with a 2019 summer net firm demand of 22,510 MW; and including cooperative, municipal, and investor-owned utilities. As all of these balancing authorities are and have plants to continue installing significant quantities of utility-scale solar photovoltaics, one relevant question is how much operating reserves they will need to hold as solar penetrations increase. While there are estimates of how regulating and flexibility reserve requirements change with solar penetration, the literature almost exclusively focuses on large balancing authorities with sub-hourly dispatch. In this work we analyze how reserve needs change not only with solar photovoltaic penetration, but also balancing authority size and operational practices. We find that, measured as a fraction of load, smaller balancing authorities with less frequent load and solar forecasts and less frequent dispatch need more reserves. Such utilities' reserve needs also increase more with increasing solar deployment as compared to larger or more frequently dispatched balancing authorities. These impacts are most acute for GRU. We find that moving from day-ahead to hour-ahead load and solar forecasting and system dispatch could enable GRU to incorporate 32% solar generation with median reserves at 20% instead of 60% of load; and that median reserve needs could drop further to about 10% of load if Florida's municipal utilities formed a reserve sharing group and moved to sub-hourly dispatch.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Absorbing the Sun: Operational Practices and Balancing Reserves in Florida's Municipal Utilities

The Florida Reliability Coordinating Council (FRCC) power system is comprised of multiple balancing authorities ranging in size from Gainesville Regional Utilities (GRU) with a 2019 summer net firm demand of 429 MW to Florida Power & Light with a 2019 summer net firm demand of 22,510 MW; and including cooperative, municipal, and investor-owned utilities. As all of these balancing authorities are and have plants to continue installing significant quantities of utility-scale solar photovoltaics, one relevant question is how much operating reserves they will need to hold as solar penetrations increase. While there are estimates of how regulating and flexibility reserve requirements change with solar penetration, the literature almost exclusively focuses on large balancing authorities with sub-hourly dispatch. In this work we analyze how reserve needs change not only with solar photovoltaic penetration, but also balancing authority size and operational practices. We find that, measured as a fraction of load, smaller balancing authorities with less frequent load and solar forecasts and less frequent dispatch need more reserves. Such utilities' reserve needs also increase more with increasing solar deployment as compared to larger or more frequently dispatched balancing authorities. These impacts are most acute for GRU. We find that moving from day-ahead to hour-ahead load and solar forecasting and system dispatch could enable GRU to incorporate 32% solar generation with median reserves at 20% instead of 60% of load; and that median reserve needs could drop further to about 10% of load if Florida's municipal utilities formed a reserve sharing group and moved to sub-hourly dispatch.

balancing authority↗
DOE OSTI2023

RAPID Manufacturing Institute Final Report

The Rapid Advancement of Process Intensification Deployment (RAPID) Manufacturing Institute, founded in 2017, is a public/private partnership between the U.S. Department of Energy and the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE). RAPID promotes the development, deployment and commercialization of Process Intensification (PI) and Modular Chemical Process Intensification (MCPI) technologies, enabling U.S. manufacturing to reduce energy consumption, improve process efficiencies and lower investment and operating costs. This mission was carried out through parallel work breakdown structure elements including the establishment of committees to guide the operations and technical direction of RAPID, the establishment of management practices and institute processes, education and workforce development (EWD), and six technical focus areas for the development of technologies to advance PI and MCPI. Throughout the initial six-year cooperative agreement, RAPID worked to meet performance metrics which focused on the operation and sustainment of the institute, education and workforce development and the development of PI and MCPI for the advancement of U.S. manufacturing. All these metrics were successfully met through a total of 43 projects which leveraged $\$$70M Federal with $\$$90M cost share. As a result of these efforts, 84 private and public organizations were brought together by RAPID as members to co-invest in R&D, commercialization and deployment of innovative technologies. In the research portfolio, 82% of the 38 projects achieved > 20% energy efficiency improvement. A RAPID Test Network was developed with 51 testbed facilities to enable access to resources, facilities, tools, and expertise. Eight EWD programs were also developed with over 13,000 impressions. RAPID’s efforts to research, develop, demonstrate, and deploy high-impact PI and modular process technology solutions have enabled reduced energy use, increased sustainability, and improved profitability for U.S. manufacturing.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2023

Application Deconfliction Characterization and Alternatives Analysis

This report provides an overview of the domain space and solution techniques that could be used to create a robust, flexible app deconfliction service. Three approaches are reviewed with summaries of the characteristics, elements, and results from preliminary demonstrations of solution techniques based on each approach: 1) rules and heuristics, 2) cooperation, and 3) optimization. The strengths and weaknesses of each solution technique were explored through a set of numerical demonstrations on modified IEEE 123 node and 9500 node test feeders. An alternatives analysis of individual deconfliction elements was performed with each solution technique element evaluated against criteria reflecting the dynamic app environment, need to balance app objectives, and scalability issues versus the number of applications, setpoints, and distributed control areas. It is anticipated that a combined solution for a GridAPPS-D Deconfliction Service can be formulated using a combination of elements from each solution technique. The combined solution would combine 1) device control budgets to reduce the size of the solution space by constraining system setpoints to those will not result in accelerated degradation of physical assets, 2) system operations rules to constrain the solution space by eliminating setpoints that result in violations of system limits or operational best practices, 3) contextual status signals shared with or among apps such that they could update their desired setpoints based on the evolving context, 4) a mediator that incentivizes apps to come to a cooperative solution, and 5) Setpoint-informed optimization as a fallback mechanism if a cooperative solution cannot be agreed upon by applications.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2020

Impact of ionizing radiation on superconducting qubit coherence

The practical viability of any qubit technology stands on long coherence times and high-fidelity operations with the superconducting qubit modality being an auspicious example, However, superconducting qubit coherence is impacted by broken Cooper pairs referred to as quasiparticles, with a density that is empirically observed to be orders of magnitude greater than the value predicted for thermal equilibrium by the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) theory of superconductivity. Previous work has shown that infrared photons significantly increase the quasiparticle density, yet even in the best isolated systems, it still remains higher than expected, suggesting that another generation mechanism exists. In this Letter, we provide evidence that ionizing radiation from environmental radioactive materials and cosmic rays contributes to this observed difference, leading to an elevated quasiparticle density that would ultimately limit superconducting qubits of the type measured here to coherence times in the millisecond regime. Additionally, we further demonstrate that introducing radiation shielding reduces the flux of ionizing radiation and positively correlates with increased coherence time. Albeit a small effect for today’s qubits, reducing or otherwise mitigating the impact of ionizing radiation will be critical for realizing fault-tolerant superconducting quantum computers.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2020

Impact of ionizing radiation on superconducting qubit coherence

The practical viability of any qubit technology stands on long coherence times and high-fidelity operations, with the superconducting qubit modality being a leading example. However, superconducting qubit coherence is impacted by broken Cooper pairs, referred to as quasiparticles, with a density that is empirically observed to be orders of magnitude greater than the value predicted for thermal equilibrium by the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) theory of superconductivity. Previous work has shown that infrared photons significantly increase the quasiparticle density, yet even in the best isolated systems, it still remains higher than expected, suggesting that another generation mechanism exists. In this Letter, we provide evidence that ionizing radiation from environmental radioactive materials and cosmic rays contributes to this observed difference, leading to an elevated quasiparticle density that would ultimately limit superconducting qubits of the type measured here to coherence times in the millisecond regime. We further demonstrate that introducing radiation shielding reduces the flux of ionizing radiation and positively correlates with increased coherence time. Albeit a small effect for today’s qubits, reducing or otherwise mitigating the impact of ionizing radiation will be critical for realizing fault-tolerant superconducting quantum computers.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Inventory for Crystalline Silicon Module Recycling: Cooperative Research and Development (Final Report)

A critical challenge for the continued expansion of photovoltaics (PV) is to develop technically feasible, inexpensive and environmentally friendly practices for handling and recycling modules at the end of their usable life. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) is requested by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) to collect primary data regarding the environmental performance of currently operational PV module recycling facilities in Europe. Very little has been published regarding crystalline silicon (C-Si) module recycling. Thus, much effort will be needed in direct industry outreach, collection of information and other business intelligence strategies similar to NREL's approaches for developing cost models for PV manufacturing. The goal of this work effort is to produce a detailed inventory that accounts for physical (e.g., energy, water, materials) flows through each step of a C-Si recycling process. The inventory (a life cycle inventory, or LCI) shall be designed so that it can be extended to include an accounting of costs for each process step, inputs, etc. This work effort shall leverage prior LCI data collection NREL performed for the United States Department of Energy, Solar Energy Technologies Office, under the auspices of the U.S. contribution to International Energy Agency's Photovoltaics Power Systems (PVPS) Task 12 (Environmental Health and Safety), which SETO nominated NREL to chair. The primary purpose of this work effort is to augment the prior data collection to increase the sample size of manufacturers' primary data in the LCI.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2020

Moving from residual lignocellulosic biomass into high–value products: Outcomes from a long–term international cooperation

Major progress in the bioprocessing of lignocellulose to fuels and value-added chemicals has created the possibility of a low carbon-footprint economy. However, the current complexity and associated costs of lignocellulose conversion result in a higher price for ethanol than for fossil fuels. The cost of cellulosic ethanol production will be lowered by further progress in development of biorefinery technology that produces both ethanol and high-value chemicals with bio-based products that are beginning to penetrate consumer markets in the USA, Brazil, and worldwide. The cost-effectiveness of low carbon-footprint bioproducts will benefit from advances in supplying large amounts of biomass solids to the biorefinery. We describe here outcomes from a successful long-term international cooperation between the Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering (LORRE) at Purdue University in the United States and Brazil's Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA) and Federal University of Sâo Carlos (UFSCar), which has contributed practical pathways to enhance the biorefinery concept. Furthermore, this paper gives an overview of developments that address fundamental knowledge of lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment hydrolysis under optimized operational conditions and bioreactor configurations, and the science and engineering that contributes to the effective production of fuel and ethanol and value-added products from biomass.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Effects of Critical Compression Ratio on Rating Gasoline Knock Propensity

It is common practice in the automotive industry to explore the knock limits of fuels on an engine by a comparison of the knock limited spark advance (KLSA) at threshold knock intensity. However, the knock propensity of gasolines can be rated by changing one of three metrics on a variable compression ratio Cooperative Fuels Research (CFR) octane rating engine while holding the other two variables constant: knock intensity, spark timing, and critical compression ratio. The operational differences between the standard research octane number (RON) rating and modern engine operation have been explored in three parts. The first part focused on the effects of lambda and knock characterization. The second part studied the effects of spark timing. This third part explores the knock ratings of several gasolines by comparing the critical compression ratios at constant combustion phasing and knock intensity. The threshold knock intensity was based on the standard octane rating D1 pickup or by maximum amplitude of pressure oscillations (MAPO) measured by a piezoelectric cylinder pressure transducer. Several Fuels for Advanced Combustion Engines (FACE) gasolines, primary reference fuels (PRFs), and toluene standardization fuels (TSFs) were tested on a CFR octane rating engine with advanced data acquisition equipment and a piezoelectric cylinder pressure transducer. These tests deviated from the ASTM D2699 standard octane rating procedure. For each test fuel, the CFR engine was operated at stoichiometry at a constant combustion phasing (CA50) and the compression ratio was modified until a threshold knock intensity was realized. It was found that the chemical composition of the fuels affected the relationship of critical compression ratios between the D1 knockmeter and piezoelectric pressure transducer knock intensity thresholds, as well as the measured combustion maximum pressure rise rate and spark timing setting for constant CA50. For highly aromatic fuels tested at a constant MAPO knock intensity threshold, it was found that the maximum pressure rise rate was two to three times higher than that of highly paraffinic fuels with similar RON and the spark advance was several crank angle degrees less for constant combustion phasing.

Kolodziej, Christopher P↗
DOE OSTI2026

Lieb-Mattis States for Robust Entangled Differential Phase Sensing

We explore a two-node, entanglement-enhanced sensor network for differential phase sensing that exploits decoherence-free subspaces to suppress common-mode noise, a primary limitation of many state-of-the-art quantum sensors. We identify a class of entangled states that, while not strictly optimal, achieve the same asymptotic sensitivity scaling as optimal states and can be prepared efficiently from initially unentangled atomic ensembles. Importantly, the preparation time decreases with increasing system size, which makes the states compatible with realistic noise processes in present-day quantum sensors that operate with large particle numbers but lack full error correction. We illustrate these ideas using two cavity-mediated preparation protocols: (i) coherent, unitary entanglement generation analogous to bosonic two-mode squeezing, yielding Heisenberg scaling, and (ii) dissipative preparation through collective emission into a shared cavity mode, providing a square-root improvement beyond the standard quantum limit. Numerical simulations show that both approaches remain effective at experimentally realistic cavity cooperativities, establishing a practical path toward scalable, quantum-enhanced differential phase sensing.

Kaubruegger, Raphael [National Institute of Standa↗
DOE OSTI2022

Calista Energy Management Assistance Initiative

The Calista Energy Management Assistance Initiative (CEMAI) provided technical assistance and capacity building for 56 Tribal communities in the Calista Region of Alaska as an effort to reduce costs, improve operational efficiency, enhance human capacity, and job opportunities. CEMAI catalyzed and guided numerous efforts into a consolidated and effective initiative that brought rural energy best practices, economies of scale, operational efficiencies, human capacity, and economic development to the forefront. Calista Corporation (Calista) is one of thirteen Alaska Native Regional Corporations created under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971 (ANCSA) in the settlement of aboriginal land claims. Calista was incorporated in Alaska on June 12, 1972. The Calista Region covers Alaska’s Bethel and Kusilvak (formerly Wade Hampton) Census areas and includes 56 communities. Calista partnered with Nuvista Light and Electric Cooperative (Nuvista) on the Department of Energy, Office of Indian Energy (DOE-OIE), CEMAI project. Nuvista is a non-profit that seeks to reduce energy costs and provide renewable sources of energy to the people of western Alaska. It is founded and led by a non-profit, Tribe, Native Corporations (including Calista), energy organizations, and Alaska Native stakeholders in the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta (YK-D) Region; covering the same service boundaries and communities served by Calista. This partnership allowed Calista to direct the project work with local energy experts to respond to community needs. In this arrangement, Calista added credibility and regional accountability while Nuvista added energy-specific expertise and skill set in project management. The delivery of the CEMAI Workplan included short-term or on-demand responses to specific technical assistance requests from communities in addition to longer-term strategically directed activities such as workshops, coordinated training, and capacity development efforts across the region. CEMAI’s Workplan aimed to enhance communities’ readiness for establishing renewable energy projects and implementing energy efficiency initiatives. The CEMAI objectives included: (1) Identifying common operational needs and improvement opportunities for entities with an energy interest or responsibility. (2) Providing access to multi-level expertise to address existing challenges. (3) Developing specialized training programs to build local capacity and community readiness. (4) Nurturing the creation of regional support networks. (5) Increasing access to regional, state, and federal energy initiatives, funding, and expertise. (6) Improving technical skills, provide livable wages, and job opportunities.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2024

A Large-Scale Analysis to Optimize the Control and V2V Communication Protocols for CDA Agreement-Seeking Cooperation

Cooperative driving automation (CDA) Class C, agreement-seeking cooperation, is an innovative and practical solution that can promote cooperation among general passenger vehicles on the road. However, more comprehensive studies are needed before establishing the standard protocols of agreement-seeking cooperation, such as communication frequency and the duration of cooperation. Here, this article presents an initiative study on the impacts of communication capabilities on agreement-seeking cooperation. Through a large-scale analysis by regulating vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication metrics, this work suggests desirable system parameters that can maximize the benefits of cooperation and ensure reliable operability while avoiding exhaustive communication loads. As the first step, an example agreement-seeking cooperation system is created for a car-following scenario, including decision-making and control algorithms for autonomous vehicles. Then, software-in-the-loop tests explore the performance of the developed system as it encounters various communication risks, such as latency and message packet drops. The system performance metrics are evaluated from various angles, including the time consumed for the agreement-seeking process, cooperation ratio, and the ratio of faulty cooperation. Energy saving from the cooperation is assessed by using simulation software that can run multiple high-fidelity vehicle models simultaneously. Based on the analyses, this article suggests the V2V communication requirements for the reliable operation of CDA agreement-seeking, which can be referred to when developing the standard protocols of agreement-seeking cooperation.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2026

Engineering Na‐Rich P2‐Type Layered Oxides Through Li/Ti Dual Doping for Oxygen Redox Activation and Superior Structural Stability

Sodium layered oxides Na x MO 2 (x ≤ 1 and M = transition metal ions) have gained significant interest as sodium-ion battery (NIB) cathodes owing to their high operating voltages and potential for higher energy density compared with polyanion and Prussian blue–type cathodes. However, their practical applications are often hindered by the irreversible structural transitions leading to capacity fading during cycling. The nature and substitution of transition metal ions define the material properties and electrochemical performance. In this study, through comprehensive electrochemical characterization combined with multi-scale structural and spectroscopical analyses, we demonstrate the synergistic impacts of Lithium and Titanium doping, which not only increases overall capacity by boosting cation and anion cooperative redox contributions but also improves the rate capability and cycling stability. Specifically, Li + doping enhances the available sodium inventory for extraction, while Ti 4+ disrupts Na + /vacancy ordering at lower voltages (< 4 V) and mitigates the detrimental P2→OP4/O2 phase transition during cycling. The combined effect of Lithium and Titanium doping promotes more charge localization on Oxygen, which activates reversible lattice oxygen redox reactions at elevated voltages, contributing additional capacity beyond conventional cationic redox. This work provides crucial insights into the design of high-performance, high-capacity P2-type layered cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Case Study: Applying the INL Resilience Framework to Iowa Lakes Electric Cooperative Distributed Wind Systems

Traditional metrics and evaluation methods for resiliency are not sufficient to evaluate the effect that distributed wind systems will have, particularly in light of the challenges described above. While the concept of resiliency is not new, its application to the electric grid is neither standardized nor well-defined, and there is little to no guidance on how to evaluate resilience specifically for distributed wind systems. To fill this gap, the Idaho National Laboratory (INL), as part of the multi-laboratory Microgrids, Infrastructure Resilience, and Advanced Controls Launchpad (MIRACL) project, has developed a resilience framework for electric energy delivery systems (EEDS). The framework provides detailed steps for evaluating resiliency in the planning, operational, and future stages, and encompasses five core functions of resilience. It allows users to evaluate the resilience of distributed wind, taking into consideration the resilience of the wind systems themselves, as well as the effect they have on the resiliency of any systems they are connected to. In this study, we evaluate the resilience of the distributed wind systems at Iowa Lakes Electric Cooperative to cybersecurity hazards. We show that the wind resource can benefit the overall system resilience during some hazards. We show that the practices in place make the wind subsystems resilient against some cybersecurity hazards but that there are still significant risks associated with other cybersecurity hazards

17 WIND ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Annealing in Argon Universally Upgrades the Na‐Storage Performance of Mn‐Based Layered Oxide Cathodes by Creating Bulk Oxygen Vacancies

Abstract Manganese‐rich layered oxide cathodes of sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) are extremely promising for large‐scale energy storage owing to their high capacities and cost effectiveness, while the Jahn–Teller (J–T) distortion and low operating potential of Mn redox largely hinder their practical applications. Herein, we reveal that annealing in argon rather than conventional air is a universal strategy to comprehensively upgrade the Na‐storage performance of Mn‐based oxide cathodes. Bulk oxygen vacancies are introduced via this method, leading to reduced Mn valence, lowered Mn 3 d‐ orbital energy level, and formation of the new‐concept Mn domains. As a result, the energy density of the model P2‐Na 0.75 Mg 0.25 Mn 0.75 O 2 cathode increases by ≈50 % benefiting from the improved specific capacity and operating potential of Mn redox. The Mn domains can disrupt the cooperative J–T distortion, greatly promoting the cycling stability. This exciting finding opens a new avenue towards high‐performance Mn‐based oxide cathodes for SIBs.

Chemistry↗
DOE OSTI2020

Implications of End Points on Remediation - 20476

The Port Hope Area Initiative (PHAI) is a federal environmental clean-up program. Its mandate is the remediation and local, long-term, safe management of approximately 1.7 million cubic metres of historic low-level radioactive waste in the adjacent communities of Port Hope and Port Granby in Southern Ontario, Canada. The PHAI is being undertaken by Canadian Nuclear Laboratories (CNL), on behalf of Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, a federal Crown corporation. It is currently one of the largest environmental remediation projects in Canada. The safety of workers, the public and the environment while delivering the PHAI compliantly, on time and within budget is CNL's number one priority. The PHAI is being implemented as two projects - the Port Hope Project and the Port Granby Project. The Port Hope Project is the larger of the two and includes the cleanup of approximately 1.2 million cubic metres of historic waste. The Port Hope Project includes a unique and important component - the remediation of approximately 1,200 private residences and businesses to include both interior and exterior verification of soil and surface-contaminated objects. Planning and consultation for the PHAI clean-up criteria and remediation verification standard operating procedures (RVSOP) were initiated in the early 2000's. The criteria were developed through a cooperative effort involving the PHAI, scientific specialists, federal and provincial government agencies, peer reviewers, the municipalities and members of the public. Subsequent verification procedures which detail the unique systematic methods to verify compliance with the clean-up criteria were developed by CNL in consultation with federal regulators and relevant stakeholders. Now, specifically with the Port Hope Small-Scale Sites project having been underway for a year and approximately 38 properties in some stage of remediation, it has become increasingly evident that the practical application of the clean-up criteria and RVSOP methodology is posing unique challenges that are having direct impact on project execution. The current RVSOP approach is based on discrete sample verification not allowing failure of any one sample. When implemented in the field, particularly at the Small-Scale Sites, it leads to a much more extensive excavation than what was accounted for in the original design, the implications of which are substantial delays in project progress and much more significant impact on the individual properties than originally anticipated. This paper will examine the evolution of PHAI clean-up criteria, subsequent RVSOP methodology and its impact on current project execution and the justification for exploring potential revisions to methods of remediation verification. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2021

Experimental Fuel Consumption Results from a Heterogeneous Four-Truck Platoon

Platooning has the potential to reduce greenhouse gas missions of heavy-duty vehicles. Prior platooning studies have chiefly focused on the fuel economy characteristics and three-truck platoons, and most have investigated aerodynamically homogeneous platoons with trucks of the same trim. For real world application and accurate return on investment for potential adopters, non-uniform platoons and the impacts of grade and disturbances on a platoon’s fuel economy must also be characterized. This study investigates the fuel economy of a heterogeneous four-truck platoon on a closed test track. Tests were run for one hour at a speed of 45 mph. The trucks used for this study are two 2015 Peterbilt 579’s with a Cummins ISX15 and a Paccar MX-13, and two 2009 Freightliner M915A5’s, one armored and the other unarmored. Many analysis methodologies were leveraged to describe and compare the fuel data, including lap-wise and track-segment analysis. The methodology for dividing the data into laps is described in detail. The influence of other factors beyond the aerodynamics of platooning is discussed. CAN fuel rate analysis showed excellent agreement with previous experimental trends for two and three-truck platoons. In general, the indicated fuel economy benefits in this study were 5-11% for following vehicles and 0-4% for the lead vehicle in platoon relative to their baseline fuel consumption. On a cumulative basis, all platoons saved fuel, ranging from 6% to 8% versus the sum of the standalone trucks’ fuel consumption. The practical implications of the fuel economy results are discussed, as well as avenues for future research. Introduction and Motivation platooning is controlled coordination of two or more vehicles in a convoy, sometimes called CACC (Coordinated or Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control). The distance between vehicles in a platoon can be controlled tightly at no additional fatigue to the driver. Platooning vehicles can also respond quickly to braking events of the leader, much more quickly than the typical human driver’s reaction time of 1-1.5 s. Therefore, vehicles in a platoon can follow each other much more closely than would usually be considered a safe following distance under human operation. It is implied that under very close following conditions, platooning technology must be extremely robust before it is safe for wide-scale implementation. Platooning is under investigation as a fuel-saving technology. Close-following significantly reduces aerodynamic drag for both leading and trailing vehicles. According to the NRC in 2010, aerodynamic drag represents roughly half of a Class-8 truck’s on-highway fuel usage, meaning a 20% reduction in drag roughly equals a 10% reduction in fuel usage, if all other sources of energy loss remain equal (i.e. accessory, rolling resistance, drivetrain, braking). It is by aerodynamics that platooning saves fuel. At risk of oversimplifying the aerodynamics, following (or trailing) vehicles experience reduced wind velocity due to shielding, and the leading vehicles experience an increased aft pressure, especially at distances closer than 75’ (23 m).

greenhouse gas emissions, truck platoon, heavy-dut↗