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Results for “DYSPROSIUM”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2015

Dysprosium oxide and dysprosium-oxide-doped titanium oxide thin films grown by atomic layer deposition

Dysprosium oxide and dysprosium-oxide-doped titanium oxide thin films were grown by atomic layer deposition on silicon substrates. For depositing dysprosium and titanium oxides Dy(thd){sub 3}-O{sub 3} and TiCl{sub 4}-O{sub 3} were used as precursors combinations. Appropriate parameters for Dy(thd){sub 3}-O{sub 3} growth process were obtained by using a quartz crystal microbalance system. The Dy{sub 2}O{sub 3} films were deposited on planar substrates and on three-dimensional substrates with aspect ratio 1:20. The Dy/Ti ratio of Dy{sub 2}O{sub 3}-doped TiO{sub 2} films deposited on a planar silicon substrate ranged from 0.04 to 0.06. Magnetometry studies revealed that saturation of magnetization could not be observed in planar Dy{sub 2}O{sub 3} films, but it was observable in Dy{sub 2}O{sub 3} films on 3D substrates and in doped TiO{sub 2} films with a Dy/Ti atomic ratio of 0.06. The latter films exhibited saturation magnetization 10{sup −6} A cm{sup 2} and coercivity 11 kA/m at room temperature.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

High pressure structural phase transitions in Dysprosium to 202 GPa

High pressure structural phase transitions in heavy lanthanide metal Dysprosium (Dy) have been studied to 202 GPa (Volume Compression V/V 0 = 0.36) in a diamond anvil cell employing copper as an internal x-ray pressure standard. The previously assigned monoclinic (C2/m) phase above 72 GPa has been reexamined and assigned to an orthorhombic phase with sixteen atoms per cell (oF16) based on structural refinements. The equation of state is presented to 202 GPa and indicates a volume change of 2.3% during the structural phase transition from distorted face-centered cubic (hR24) phase to oF16 phase at 72 GPa. The oF16 phase can be regarded as a pseudo-orthorhombic eight-layered structure with (b/c) ratio decreasing from an ideal value of $\sqrt{3}$ with increasing pressure to 202 GPa. The ultrahigh pressure structural phases of Dy are compared with other members of the lanthanide series.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2016

Adsorption of dysprosium on the graphite (0001) surface: Nucleation and growth at 300 K

We have studied nucleation and growth of Dy islands on the basal plane of graphite at 300 K using scanning tunneling microscopy, density functional theory (DFT) in a form that includes van der Waals interactions, and analytic theory. The interaction of atomic Dy with graphite is strong, while the diffusion barrier is small. Experiment shows that at 300 K, the density of nucleated islands is close to the value predicted for homogeneous nucleation, using critical nucleus size of 1 and the DFT-derived diffusion barrier. Homogeneous nucleation is also supported by the monomodal shape of the island size distributions. Comparison with the published island density of Dy on graphene shows that the value is about two orders of magnitude smaller on graphite, which can be attributed to more effective charge screening in graphite. The base of each island is 3 atomic layers high and atomically ordered, forming a coincidence lattice with the graphite. Islands resist coalescence, probably due to multiple rotational orientations associated with the coincidence lattice. Upper levels grow as discernible single-atom layers. Analysis of the level populations reveals significant downward interlayer transport, which facilitates growth of the base. This island shape is metastable, since more compact three-dimensional islands form at elevated growth temperature.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2019

Infrared Spectroscopic Study of Magnetic Behavior of Dysprosium Doped Magnetite Nanoparticles

Dysprosium doped magnetite (Fe{sub 3−x}Dy{sub x}O{sub 4} with x = 0.0–0.1) nanoparticles have been synthesized using the co-precipitation method. Magnetic characterization using vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) has revealed an enhancement in the saturation magnetization with Dy{sup 3+} doping. The occupancy of the dopant ions in magnetite lattice has been probed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The shifting of ν{sub 2} (Fe–O) band at 452 cm{sup − 1} for undoped samples to 443 cm{sup − 1} for dysprosium-doped samples is indicative of occupancy of dysprosium at the octahedral site. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns have been used to calculate the strain and lattice constant. The strain is found to increase with doping level and attained a maximum value for the x = 0.03. This increase in the strain can be attributed to occupancy of large diameter Dy{sup 3+} ions at the octahedral site of spinel structure of the magnetite lattice.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2014

Dysprosium complexes with mono-/di-carboxylate ligands—From simple dimers to 2D and 3D frameworks

Four dysprosium (Dy) single carboxylates, a formate, a propionate, a butyrate and an oxalate have been synthesized and structurally characterized. The structure of Dy(HCO{sub 2}){sub 3} (1) contains nine-fold coordinated Dy polyhedra in perfect tricapped trigonal prisms. They are linked through trigonal O atoms forming 1D pillars which are further linked together through tricapped O atoms into a 3D pillared metal organic framework. The network structure is stable up to 360 °C. The structure of [Dy{sub 2}(C{sub 2}O{sub 4}){sub 3}(H{sub 2}O){sub 6}]·2.5H{sub 2}O (2) contains nine-fold coordinated Dy polyhedra linking together through μ{sub 2}-bridging oxalate anions into a 2D hexagonal layered structure. Both [Dy{sub 2}(Pr){sub 6}(H{sub 2}O){sub 4}]·(HPr){sub 0.5} (3) [Pr=(C{sub 2}H{sub 5}CO{sub 2}){sup −1}] and [Dy{sub 2}(Bu){sub 6}(H{sub 2}O){sub 4}] (4) [Bu=(C{sub 3}H{sub 7}CO{sub 2}){sup −1}] have similar di-nuclear structures. The Raman vibration modes of the complexes have been investigated. - Graphical abstract: Four dysprosium (Dy) complexes with formate, propionate, butyrate and oxalate ligands have been synthesized and characterized. The Dy formato complex has a 3D pillared metal organic framework and the structure is stable up to 360 °C whilst the complexes with longer alkyl chained mono-carboxylates possess similar di-nuclear structures. The Dy oxalato complex has a 2D hexagonal (honeycomb-type) structure. Their Raman vibration modes have been investigated. - Highlights: • New Dysprosium complexes with formate, propionate, butyrate and oxalate ligands. • Crystal structures range from dimers to two and three dimensional frameworks. • Vibrational modes have been investigated and correlated to the structures. • The complexes are thermal robust and stable to over 300 °C.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2016

Dosimetric properties of dysprosium doped calcium magnesium borate glass subjected to Co-60 gamma ray

Thermoluminescence (TL) dosimetric properties of dysprosium doped calcium magnesium borate (CMB:Dy) glass are presented. This study is deemed to understand the application of calcium as the modifier in magnesium borate glass with the presence of dysprosium as the activator to be performed as TL dosimeter (TLD). The study provides fundamental knowledge of a glass system that may lead to perform new TL glass dosimetry application in future research. Calcium magnesium borate glass systems of (70-y) B{sub 2}O{sub 3} − 20 CaO – 10 MgO-(y) Dy{sub 2}O{sub 3} with 0.05 mol % ≤ y ≤ 0.7 mol % of dyprosium were prepared by melt-quenching technique. The amorphous structure and TL properties of the prepared samples were determined using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and TL reader; model Harshaw 4500 respectively. The samples were irradiated to Co-60 gamma source at a dose of 50 Gy. Dosimetric properties such as annealing procedure, time temperature profile (TTP) setting, optimization of Dy{sub 2}O{sub 3} concentration of 0.5 mol % were determined for thermoluminescence dosimeter (TLD) reader used.

07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Strong Axiality in a Dysprosium(III) Bis(borolide) Complex Leads to Magnetic Blocking at 65 K

Substituted dysprosocenium complexes of the type [Dy(Cp R ) 2 ] + exhibit slow magnetic relaxation at cryogenic temperatures and have emerged as top-performing single-molecule magnets. The remarkable properties of these compounds derive in part from the strong axial ligand field afforded by the cyclopentadiene anions, and the design of analogous compounds with even stronger ligand fields is one promising route toward identifying new single-molecule magnets that retain a magnetic memory at even higher temperatures. Here, we report the synthesis and characterization of a dysprosium bis(borolide) compound, [K(18-crown-6)][Dy(BC 4 Ph 5 ) 2 ] (1), featuring the dysprosocenate anion [Dy(BC 4 Ph 5 ) 2 ] - with a pseudoaxial coordination environment afforded by two dianionic pentaphenyl borolide ligands. Variable-field magnetization data reveal open magnetic hysteresis up to 66 K, establishing 1 as a top-performing single-molecule magnet among its dysprosocenium analogues. Ac magnetic susceptibility data indicate that 1 relaxes via an Orbach mechanism above ~80 K with U eff = 1500(100) cm -1 and τ 0 = 10 -12.0(9) s, whereas Raman relaxation and quantum tunneling of the magnetization dominate at lower temperatures. Compound 1 exhibits a 100 s blocking temperature of 65 K, among the highest reported for dysprosium-based single-molecule magnets. Ab initio spin dynamics calculations support the experimental U eff and τ 0 values and enable a quantitative comparison of the relaxation dynamics of 1 and two representative dysprosocenium cations, yielding additional insights into the impact of the crystal field splitting and vibronic coupling on the observed relaxation behavior. Importantly, compound 1 represents a step toward the development of alternatives to substituted dysprosocenium single-molecule magnets with increased axiality.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2018

Properties of Silver Nanoparticles in the Presence of Dysprosium

Various methods of binding rare-earth metal ions with nanoparticles make it possible to obtain materials with new properties. The “green” synthesis method has been used for obtaining silver nanoparticles functionalized with Dy{sup 3+} ions. The absorption and photoluminescence spectra of colloidal solutions have been measured, and the characteristics of resultant Ag nanoparticles have been analyzed using an electron microscope. The results of observations are in good agreement with the estimates obtained from the absorption spectra using the classical model. The nanoparticle shape (mainly spherical), size (d = 70 nm), and volume fraction (f = 6 × 10{sup –4}) of silver in the colloidal solutions have been determined. Functionalizing silver nanoparticles with dysprosium ions with the help of the technique developed in this study can be extended to other rare-earth elements.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2019

Experimental Investigation on the Low-Temperature Anomalies in Dysprosium Iron Garnet (DyIG)

The anomalous physical properties of dysprosium iron garnet Dy{sub 3}Fe{sub 5}O{sub 12} or DyIG single crystals have been revisited at low temperatures. This paper presents results of experimental investigation based on specific heat, magnetization, and Faraday rotation measurements. The distinguishing features are the occurrence of two types of anomalies in the temperature dependences of some judicious quantities. The first one coincides with the previous first-order spin reorientation transition at T{sub SR} = 15 K where the iron sublattice magnetization vector M{sub Fe} changes from the <111> axis at high temperature toward the low angular phases below T{sub SR}. The second one takes place around the “low-temperature Belov point” T{sub B} = 42 K, confirming what had already been predicted previously about the paraprocess effect in this ferrimagnet. The results are compared with previous findings and discussed taking into account the coexistence of some concomitant phenomena such the magnetodielectric and Schottky effects which cause anomalies, respectively near T{sub SR} and T{sub B}.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2013

Discovery of dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, and ytterbium isotopes

Currently, thirty-one dysprosium, thirty-two holmium, thirty-two erbium, thirty-three thulium, and thirty-one ytterbium isotopes have been observed and the discovery of these isotopes is described here. For each isotope a brief synopsis of the first refereed publication, including the production and identification method, is presented.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2017

Adsorptive recovery of neodymium and dysprosium in phosphorous functionalized nanoporous carbon

Here, phosphorus functionalized nanoporous carbon was synthesized from lignin by periodical reactions with potassium hydroxide and triphenylphosphine. It has the BET surface area of 837 m 2 /g and total pore volume 0.41 cm 3 /g along with 0.9 atom% phosphorus. The adsorption of neodymium (Nd (III)) and dysprosium (Dy(III)) were in the range of 335–344 mg/g upto their initial concentration of 500 ppm in water and such adsorption amount is higher than that of majority of the adsorbents reported in literature. The adsorption capacity showed negligible dependency on the solution pH. The distribution coefficients for Nd(III) and Dy(III) were within 1000 to 10,000 mL/g. The adsorption capacity of iron (Fe(III)) under the similar conditions was one order of magnitude lower and it suggests a possible separation of these rare earth elements from iron. The maximum selectivity of separation of Nd(III) and Dy(III) from iron was ca. 32 to 61. Kinetic study revealed that the adsorption of Dy was faster than that of Nd(III). The results of kinetic study were better fit with pseudosecond order kinetics. XPS studies on both Nd(III) and Dy(III)-adsorbed carbons revealed a small shift in the P 2p 3/2 energy level of phosphorus towards higher energy level hereby suggesting a possible formation of metallic phosphates. Additionally, Similar studies on Nd(III) and Dy(III)-adsorbed carbon indicated small amounts carbonates and oxides of rare earth elements that might have also been formed. In conculsion, the overall results suggest that this carbon can be used as a potential sorbent for enrichment and separation of Nd(III) and Dy(III).

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Unlocking Dysprosium Constraints for China’s 1.5 °C Climate Target

Some key low-carbon technologies, ranging from wind turbines to electric vehicles, are underpinned by the strong rare-earth-based permanent magnets of the Nd, Pr (Dy)–Fe–Nb type (NdFeB). These NdFeB magnets, which are sensitive to demagnetization with temperature elevation (the Curie point), require the addition of variable amounts of dysprosium (Dy), where an elevation of the Curie point is needed to meet operational conditions. Given that China is the world’s largest REE supplier with abundant REE reserves, the impact of an ambitious 1.5 °C climate target on China’s Dy supply chain has sparked widespread concern. Here, we explore future trends and innovation strategies associated with the linkage between Dy and NdFeBs under various climate scenarios in China. We find China alone is expected to exhaust the global present Dy reserve within the next 2–3 decades to facilitate the 1.5 °C climate target. By implementing global available innovation strategies, such as material substitution, reduction, and recycling, it is possible to avoid 48%–68% of China’s cumulative demand for Dy. Nevertheless, ongoing efforts in REE exploration and production are still required to meet China’s growing Dy demand, which will face competition from the United States, European Union, and other countries with ambitious climate targets. Here our analysis urges China and those nations to form wider cooperation in REE supply chains as well as in NdFeB innovation for the realization of a global climate-safe future.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Water Interplays during Dysprosium Electrodeposition in Pyrrolidinium Ionic Liquid: Deconvoluting the Pros and Cons for Rare Earth Metallization

The electrochemical production of rare earth metals (REMs) in ionic liquids (ILs) has received much attention as a promising, sustainable and replacement to the molten salt electrolysis. Water additives have been recently suggested as a strategy to overcome the limitations of the ionic liquid process, but without complete assessment of its overall viability for the REMs production. In this regard, a full investigation of water impact on dysprosium (Dy) electrodeposition in pyrrolidinium triflate (BMPyOTf) ionic liquid was carried out. Water introduction was revealed to involve an interplay of implications on the electrodeposition process, including coordination, speciation, reduction pathways, interfacial dynamics, nucleation and metal stability and purity. In highly dry conditions, the reduction occurs at very negative potentials (-3.3V) in a consecutive pathway, resulting in negligible metal electrodeposition (low rate and efficiency) at the electrode surface. Initial water introduction (<30% molar fraction) leads to partitioning of the Dy complex between water and IL coordinated speciation, giving rise to an additional wave at more positive potentials (-2.4V). Probing and quantification of the heterogeneous Dy speciation by spectroscopic analyses enabled the uncovering of the reduction mechanism and accurate evaluation of the mass transport properties. While lowering the reduction thermodynamics, water addition also improved the nucleation, deposition rate and faradaic efficiency. In spite of these benefits, stripping voltammetric analysis also indicated substantial chemical reactivity of the deposited Dy metal with water additives and/or electrolyte components, under extended timescales. Surface characterization of the obtained product confirmed limited Dy metal stability (mostly oxidized/fluorinated) and purity (~60%) in the studied system. Moreover, high water introduction (>30% molar fraction) was shown to trigger a fast hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), downgrading the robustness of system efficiency. We report the overall impact of water additives seems to engender both promoting and mitigating effects on the Dy electrodeposition process, making the case for more innovative strategies to be sought.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Study of electronic structure and spin polarization of dysprosium

In this paper, I have presented the spin-dependent momentum density of ferromagnetic dysprosium using spin polarized relativistic Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker method. A fully relativistic approach has been used to determine the magnetic Compton profile. The density of state in term of majority-spin and minority-spin of Dy also calculated using SPR-KKR. The magnetic Compton profile discussed in term of 4f and diffused electrons.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗