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At least 19 records

Standards Guidance for Electric Two- and Three-Wheelers and Charging Infrastructure in Pakistan

Electric two-wheelers (E2Ws) and electric three-wheelers (E3Ws) have reached upfront cost price parity as compared to their conventional counterparts in many markets (IEA 2022). Therefore, Pakistan has embraced E2Ws and E3Ws in their National Electric Vehicle Policy (Government of Pakistan 2019b). Specifically, this policy targets 50% of new two- and three-wheeler sales to be electric by 2030. In the short term, this policy targets five times as many E2Ws and E3Ws as cars, vans, and pickups. In order to meet these goals in a safe, reliable, and efficient manner, Pakistan needs to develop and implement standards related to E2W and E3W vehicles and charging infrastructure, including battery swap stations. Without standards, E2Ws and E3Ws can be dangerous, unreliable, incompatible with charging stations, or diminish the grid’s electricity quality (Goel and Singh 2019; Sasidharan 2020). Fortunately, there are several global and local efforts to establish standards that Pakistan can learn from or adopt. This document explains the purpose and process of standards development and introduces the international standards development organizations involved and relevant classification and testing systems. It then introduces and lists many standards related to the vehicles, batteries, and charging equipment so that Pakistan can adopt or reference these standards when developing its own.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗

RC-SFA Data Management Templates and Guidance for Standardized, Reusable AI-Ready Data Packages

This data package provides templates and supporting documentation developed by the River Corridor Science Focus Area (RC-SFA; https://www.pnnl.gov/projects/river-corridor) to communicate its approach to managing and publishing AI-ready data. The package is intended to help data users and data producers understand the structures, metadata practices, and quality-control approaches that support consistent, reusable, and machine-actionable data products across RC-SFA studies. Rather than focusing on a single experimental dataset, this package documents the data management framework used to make RC-SFA data easier to find, ingest, navigate, and interpret. The materials in this package reflect RC-SFA practices for standardized data package organization, including the use of a human- and machine-readable README, file-level metadata, data dictionaries, descriptive file naming, method identifiers, and automated and review-based quality assurance procedures. Together, these components illustrate how RC-SFA extends FAIR data principles toward AI-readiness by prioritizing deep metadata, consistency across data packages, and support for informed downstream reuse by both humans and computational tools. This dataset is comprised of (1) readme; (2) presentation slides with an overview of RC-SFA approach and guidance; (3) document of RC-SFA best practices; (4) data dictionary (dd); (5) file level metadata (flmd); and a subfolder containing templates for dd and flmd. All files are .csv and .pdf. For details on how to navigate data packages generated by this project, see https://data.ess-dive.lbl.gov/portals/PNNLRiverCorridorSFA/About.

AI-readiness↗

Progress Report on Graphite-Salt Intrusion Studies

The document reports on the design, construction, testing and initial operation of the ORNL graphite intrusion system with pressurized molten salts. This technical memorandum is responsive to work package AT-20OR04060203, “Graphite-Salt Studies” —ORNL”, and fulfills Milestone M3AT20OR040602035 “Report on graphite-salt intrusion studies”.The report outlines the procedure of graphite intrusion experiments, which follows the ASTM standard guidance, and the procedures of other characterization measurements of graphite physical properties, also based on ASTM standard methods. A set of 12 graphite grades of various origin and properties went through preliminary characterizations, and six of them were further selected for intrusion experiments with molten FLiNaK. The results are discussed in the context of graphite physical properties and are compared with a several results from literature. The correlation between molten salt impregnation and mercury intrusion, first proposed by MSRE scientists, is discussed in detail. Pending collection of more data, the mercury intrusion porosimetry technique may possibly be used as a rapid method for screening and down selection of graphite grades with extremely low salt intrusion, as required for operation in molten salt reactors. This new system will generate data non only on intrusion behavior, but will also generate a wide range of salt- impregnated graphite samples that will be further analyzed with advanced characterization techniques for better understanding of the effect of salt intrusion on the properties of nuclear graphite. It expected that these results and future results obtained with this system will help advance our understanding of the factors controlling the extent of salt penetration in graphite and of the relationship with intrinsic structural properties of various grades. Together, correlating direct measurements results and graphite structural properties should allow development of a predictable model that could be used for selection and qualification of optimal graphite grades, tailored to design operation conditions and molten salt properties.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

Assessment of Adequacy and Completeness of Standards Endorsed by Regulatory Guides to Molten Salt Reactors

The benefits of using voluntary consensus standards and industry guidance documents and reports are evident in the design and licensing of the current generation of nuclear power plants. The use of voluntary consensus standards and industry guidance and reports facilitates the design and licensing of advanced reactors to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the licensing and regulation of non-light-water reactor (non-LWR) technologies. Most of the regulations, guidance, and standards applicable to nuclear power plants were developed for water-cooled plants, so they may not adequately address factors such as the coolants, materials, temperatures, operations, testing, and maintenance proposed for advanced reactors.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

Assessment of Sodium Fast Reactor Specific Consensus Standards and Recommendations for Future Regulatory Development for Standards Activities

The U.S. has designed, constructed, and operated several sodium fast reactors (SFRs). To support these efforts and to document best practices, activities associated with the development of standards and consensus standards were carried out, however, the vast majority of those SFR standards are currently in a withdrawn or inactive status. Consensus standards are useful during design and licensing of reactors, as is evident in the current nuclear power generation fleet. Consensus standards provide certainty and predictability between stakeholders during licensing and other regulatory interactions. These standards offer guidance, reflect expert positions, and establish effective practices for a wide range of topics. Consensus standards are developed by committees with representation from a broad cross-section of industry, organizations, professional societies, and government agencies. However, most existing consensus standards applicable to nuclear power plants were developed specifically for light-water reactor (LWR) designs and may not adequately address specific advanced non-LWR design topics such as those related to SFRs.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗

American Nuclear Society 2023 Student Conference [Slides]

This presentation is titled American Nuclear Society 2023 Student Conference and is led by with introductions from a few of the students. This presentation touches on how operations serve the mission, and everyone is a part of it. In order for anyone to operate with special nuclear material (SNM) the responsible contractor or licensee must comply with several regulations. The presentation touches on how there are several roles involved in operations. This talk also includes a page of references, regulations, standards and guidance. The presentation concludes with a section on Material Balance Areas (MBA).

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Comparative Analysis of Confidence Metrics for Nuclear Criticality Safety

Nuclear criticality safety standards provide guidance on the requirements and recommendations to establish confidence in computerized model results used to support operation with fissionable materials. By design, the guidance is not prescriptive, leaving the analysts free to determine how various sources of uncertainties are to be statistically aggregated. This report compares the analyses and key assumptions behind four notable methodologies documented in the nuclear criticality safety literature: the parametric, nonparametric, Whisper, and TSURFER methodologies. Because of the involved use of statistics entangled with heuristic recipes, the results of these methodologies are often difficult to interpret. Also, they are augmented by additional large administrative margins, eliminating the incentive to understand their differences. With the new resurgent wave of advanced nuclear systems focused on economizing operation—including advanced reactors, fuel cycles, and fuel concepts—there is a strong need to develop a clear understanding of uncertainties and their fusion methodologies to reduce uncertainties in a scientifically defensible manner. This report offers a deep dive into the various assumptions of the four noted methodologies, their adequacy, and their limitations, to provide guidance on developing confidence for the emergent nuclear systems. These systems are expected to be challenged by the scarcity of experimental data.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Environmental Durability Assessment and Development of Subcomponent Test Methods for Advanced Materials in Marine Energy Applications

Marine energy developers are beginning to rely more heavily on advanced composite materials for their load-bearing structures. Understanding how these materials respond and degrade in harsh marine environments is a complex problem. Much research has been performed at smaller laboratory scales to understand the fundamental physical and chemical degradation mechanisms, but little structural testing research has been performed at larger scales to understand how these physical and chemical interactions scale and how they should be accounted for in the design process. The Advanced Materials project is a multilaboratory research collaboration that addresses these issues with the intention of reducing risks and barriers to marine energy developers wanting to adopt advanced composite materials. The National Laboratory of the Rockies has been playing a leading role in developing larger-scale testing infrastructure and test methods to validate complex numerical degradation models and standardize testing procedures to do so. This paper reviews past structural testing activities, how they have grown into current research activities, and how they will continue to evolve to directly address industry needs. This paper covers key research areas - large-scale water absorption and subsequent structural validation testing, qualification of bolted and adhesive connections, and combined submerged fatigue testing at increasing scales. It provides insights into the complex requirements for testing infrastructure and test method development to effectively qualify materials and certify marine energy structures for harsh marine environments. This research program paves the way for better guidance and standardization within the industry when adopting advanced composite materials.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗

Environmental Durability Assessment and Development of Subcomponent Test Methods for Advanced Materials in Marine Energy Applications: Preprint

Marine energy developers are beginning to rely more heavily on advanced composite materials for their load bearing structures. Understanding how these materials respond and degrade in harsh marine environments is a complex problem. Much research has been performed at smaller laboratory scales to understand the fundamental physical and chemical degradation mechanisms, but little structural testing research has been performed at larger scales to understand how these physical and chemical interactions scale and how they should be accounted for in the design process. The Advanced Materials project is a multilaboratory research collaboration that has been addressing these issues with the intention of reducing risks and barriers to marine energy developers wanting to adopt advanced composite materials. The National Laboratory of the Rockies has been playing a leading role in developing larger scale testing infrastructure and test methods to validate complex numerical degradation models and standardize testing procedures to do so. This paper provides a review of past structural testing activities and how they have grown into current research activities and will continue to evolve into the future to directly address industry needs. This paper covers key research areas large-scale water absorption and subsequent structural validation testing, qualification of bolted and adhesive connections, and conducting combined submerged fatigue testing at increasing scales. This paper provides insights into the complex requirements for testing infrastructure and test method development to effectively qualify materials and certify marine energy structures for harsh marine environments. This research program paves the way for better guidance and standardization within the industry when adopting advanced composite materials.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗

Development of an Assessment Methodology That Enables the Nuclear Industry to Evaluate Adoption of Advanced Automation

Nuclear power has a crucial role in providing safe, reliable, and economical carbon-free electricity for today and the future. For continued operation, many of the existing United States nuclear power plants will begin the subsequent license renewal process for extending their operating license periods. As plants extend their expected operating lifetimes, there is a significant opportunity to modernize. These plants have a much stronger business case with these extended mission periods to modernize and significantly enhance their economic viability in current and future energy markets by implementing digital technologies that support innovation, efficiency gains, and business-model transformation. Ensuring continued safety and reliability is crucial. Transformative digital technologies—including automation—that fundamentally change the concept of operation for the nuclear power plant operating model requires a critical focus on the human and technology integration element. Further, the nuclear industry has historically been reluctant to modernize due to having a risk adverse culture and lack of clarity for a transformative new state vision (Joe & Remer, 2019; Thomas et al., 2020). Common barriers include (1) the perceived value and return on investment (ROI) of digital technology, (2) the perceived risk associated with licensing, regulatory, and cybersecurity, and (3) insufficient guidance for performing digital modifications to power generation systems. This work presents a methodology to address these barriers and support the industry in adopting advanced automation and digital technology through developing a transformative vision and implementation strategy that will address the human and technology integration element. This research leverages previous LWRS Program and industry results. It draws specifically on previous LWRS Program research in the areas of advanced alarm systems, computer-based procedures, model informed decision support, and advanced human-system interface displays (e.g., overviews and task-based). The modernization methodology can be used to guide transformative thinking when integrating a set of vendor-specific capabilities to support a new concept of operations and a utility’s end-state vision. The results of this research are organized into six major sections: - Section 1 introduces the need for supporting large-scale digital modifications that will renew the technology base for extended operating life beyond 60 years - Section 2 describes the challenges that the nuclear industry is enduring with modernizing. - Section 3 summarizes the primary standards and guidance. - Section 4 presents earlier work from the LWRS Program regarding the development of a transformative conceptual design for an advanced control room of a hybrid plants. - Section 5 presents a methodology that is designed at addressing the challenges in the industry today in achieving a transformative new state vision and concept of operations. - Conclusions and next steps of this research are provided in Section 6.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

A Systematic Evidence Based Performance Approach to Regulation of Nuclear Sites in England and Wales - 20058

The Environment Agency for England has developed a systematic evidence-based approach to pursue our strategic environmental objectives for the regulation of nuclear sites. We use an annual evidence review process to ensure effective and efficient targeting of limited resources to achieve those objectives. Over the last 8 years, we have been developing and refining this approach to ensure risk-based and value driven regulation. The approach comprises nuclear site and nuclear sector review processes known as Site Environment Review (SER) and Nuclear Environment Review (NER). This approach complements our regulation of nuclear site permit holders under the Environmental Permitting Regulations (EPR). We deliver our regulation of nuclear sites in England and Wales alongside the Office for Nuclear Regulation. The SER process involves the lead regulator for each nuclear site assessing the permit holder's environmental performance across 14 themes, set within the context of the site's main activities and associated waste disposals. Our themes include environmental leadership, resources and climate change, radioactive waste management, facility management and decommissioning, groundwater, and environmental radiological protection. We use evidence from site inspections and working within our subject matter groups to grade current and predicted future environmental performance. We are particularly interested in sustainability and the application of Best Available Techniques (BAT) to prevent the creation, and minimise the disposal, of radioactive wastes. We use risk analysis (strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities) to examine performance against our strategic environmental objectives, which are set out, in our 5-year Nuclear Delivery Plan (NDP). The output supports the targeting of our resources at each nuclear site. We consult the relevant permit holders on the SER priorities and use their feedback to refine our plans. We expect all permit holders to take account of our priorities when considering their own programmes of work, objectives and plans. The NER process brings together what we learn and achieve through regulation across the sector. It provides input to planning priorities, supported by qualitative and semi-quantitative evidence. It covers the 28 nuclear sites in England and Wales and spans the same 14 environmental themes. During the process we collate, compile and summarise evidence from the SERs and other sources such as inspection reports and evidence from our other nuclear work programmes. The output is the NER annual report. This provides a snapshot of the status of the nuclear sector and gives insights to enable us to regulate more efficiently and effectively. It also takes account of cross-cutting issues and risks such as changes in international standards, domestic policy, regulatory framework, domestic standards and guidance, learning from experience such as incidents, events and good practice, and innovation, research and development. It provides graphics that illustrate the grading of environmental performance for the nuclear sector across the fourteen environmental themes. This analysis allows benchmarking of nuclear site's environmental performance and the visualisation provides a convenient comparison of performance across themes, sites, and over time. We use this intelligence to inform our investment in training and development of our staff, and our cross-cutting engagement on strategic issues with government, the Nuclear Decommissioning Authority (NDA) and other corporate organisations. Adopting this approach can provide benefits with organisational reputation, stakeholder participation and ensuring value from the public investment. This paper describes the history of the SER/NER process, a selection of outputs from the process and ideas for improvement. The paper will be of interest to other regulators and organisations across the world that are interested in supporting continuous improvement. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

Cyber-Informed Engineering Case Study of an Integrated Hydrogen Generation Plant

Strategies for securing digital instrumentation and control (I&C) systems within the nuclear industry are provided by multiple standards and guidance documents. However, since selection and use of security controls outlined in these documents are frequently only considered during or after installation, there are often limitations on their use, such as technological constraints related to design or operation. Furthermore, alternative controls intended to provide the same or similar security countermeasure as the primary control may also be infeasible at these stages, leaving the I&C system vulnerable to cyber-attacks. The limitations associated with ‘bolting on’ security controls late in the systems engineering lifecycle can be reduced by integrating Cyber-Informed Engineering (CIE) into the process. This paper evaluates the use of CIE during the high-level design stage of a hydrogen generation project where heat and electricity are provided by a nuclear power plant. Applying CIE to this project highlighted potential cyber vulnerabilities of the initial design, leading to recommendations for process flow and I&C system design modifications to reduce, and at times eliminate, the risk from both deliberate and unintentional cyber incidents.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

Principles of Biosafety

Biological safety, or biosafety, means containment principles, technologies and practices that are implemented to prevent unintentional exposure to pathogens and toxins, or their accidental release. This report is a training course for Biosafety with these features and objectives: Topics associated with biological safety, including basic terms, definitions, and approaches to biological safety; regulations, consensus guidance and standards for biological safety; safety requirements for working with biological materials at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL); containment requirements for biological materials at LANL; and, emergency response requirements for biological materials at LANL.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

Developing Consensus Recommendations to Address Challenges with Solar and Solar-Plus-Storage Code Enforcement and Permitting Approvals

The Sustainable Energy Action Committee (SEAC) provides a national platform for collaboration between key stakeholders in code enforcement and permitting for solar and solar-plus-storage projects. The outcomes from SEAC include code and standard proposals, guidance documents, information bulletins and stakeholder education. With this work, permitting and inspection of solar and solar+storage systems uses best practices, enhances safety, and becomes more efficient reducing costs for both jurisdictions and installers.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

Assessing the sensitivity and repeatability of permanganate oxidizable carbon as a soil health metric: An interlab comparison across soils

Soil organic matter is central to the soil health framework. Therefore, reliable indicators of Soil organic matter is central to the soil health framework. Therefore, reliable indicators of changes in soil organic matter are essential to inform land management decisions. Permanganate oxidizable carbon (PDXC), an emerging soil health indicator, has shown promise for being sensitive to soil management. However, strict standardization is required for widespread implementation in research and commercial contexts. Here, we used 36 soils-three from each of the 12 USDA soil orders-to determine the effects of sieve size and soil mass of analysis on PDXC results. Using replicated measurements across 12 labs in the US and the EU (n = 7951 samples), we quantified the relative importance of 1) variation between labs, 2) variation within labs, 3) effect soil mass, and 4) effect of soil sieve size on the repeatability of PDXC. We found a wide range of overall variability in PDXC values across labs (0.03 to 171.8%; mean = 13.4%), and much of this variability was attributable to within-lab variation (median = 6.5%) independently of soil mass or sieve size. Greater soil mass (2.5 g) decreased absolute PDXC values by a mean of 177 mg kg -1 soil and decreased analytical variability by 6.5%. For soils with organic carbon (SOC) >10%, greater soil mass (2.5 g) resulted in more frequent PDXC values above the limit of detection whereas the lower soil mass (0.75 g) resulted in PDXC values below the limit of detection for SOC contents <5%. A finer sieve size increased absolute values of PDXC by 124 mg kg -1 while decreasing the analytical variability by 1.8%. In general, soils with greater SOC contents had lower analytical variability. These results point to potential standardizations of the PDXC protocol that can decrease the variability of the metric. We recommend that the PDXC protocol be standardized to use 2.5 g for soils <10% SOC. Sieve size was a relatively small contributor to analytical variability and therefore we recommend that this decision be tailored to the study purpose. Tradeoffs associated with these standardizations can be mitigated, ultimately providing guidance on how to standardize PDXC for routine analysis.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

A new algae technical standards focus group: Summarizing and guiding the algae state of the art

The value proposition of algae technical metrics was the subject of a recent, industry-led, Focus Group interactive discussion. The interactive platform allowed for real time capturing and priority ranking of the topics that are deemed critical challenges for a future successful algae-based bioeconomy. This work ultimately sets the stage for providing guidance, methods, and standard reference materials tailored to respective algae industry segments for the cultivation, processing and marketing of high-quality and safe algae-based products. The group solicits input from the broader algae community on the value proposition and presents a case here to build a consensus around algae-specific metrics. The value proposition of technical standards to the industry is that guidance obtained through these collaborations builds producers' and consumers' trust that algae and algae-derived products are safe, reliable, and may allow for expanded market access, and increased competitiveness and international trade.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

Development of Standardized Property Requirements, Measurement Methods, and Reporting Guidance for Coatings

The diverse research programs presently in progress around the world have advanced a large number of coated cladding concepts to various stages of maturity. Industry teams have developed leading coating compositions and geometries, but significant disparity exists in the importance placed on different coating properties, as well as the applicability and standardization of the various methods used to measure these properties. This milestone report provides an initial assessment of the most important coating properties and the experimental methods available for their determination to lay the foundation for standardized reporting and development of comprehensive datasets for modeling efforts. This report has determined that the residual stress of the coating is the most crucial property to investigate, yet it has received minimal attention to date due to a knowledge gap about the growth and formation of the brittle Laves phase under reactor conditions. The significance of residual stress of the coating is further enhanced by its connection and interdependence with other important properties like creep and coating failure mechanisms. This milestone proposes an importance rating for residual stress properties and their associated measurement techniques to fill in knowledge. Furthermore, techniques to investigate the outlined properties are discussed, and their capabilities and limitations are illustrated to provide guidance on their use.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

A Guide to Using GitHub for Developing and Versioning Data Standards and Reporting Formats

Abstract Data standardization combined with descriptive metadata facilitate data reuse, which is the ultimate goal of the Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable (FAIR) principles. Community data or metadata standards are increasingly created through an approach that emphasizes collaboration between various stakeholders. Such an approach requires platforms for collaboration on the development process that centers on sharing information and receiving feedback. Our objective in this study was to conduct a systematic review to identify data standards and reporting formats that use version control for developing data standards and to summarize common practices, particularly in earth and environmental sciences. Out of 108 data standards and reporting formats identified in our review, 32 used GitHub as the version control platform, and no other platforms were used. We found no universally accepted methodology for developing and publishing data standards. Many GitHub repositories did not use key features that could help developers to gather user feedback, or to create and revise standards that build on previous work. We provide guidance for community‐driven standard development and associated documentation on GitHub based on a systematic review of existing practices.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗