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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2018

HERMES Outdoor Shot Series 10268-313: Data Analysis as a Model for Output Voltage and Current Estimates for HERMES Shots; a User Perspective

The primary subject of this Report is the description and characterization of results (voltages, currents, radiation dose and dose-rates) from the HERMES accelerator operated in the Outdoor Mode. The shots described range from 10266 – 10313, and were taken in late 2016. In the course of determining the most accurate estimates of voltage and current, a prescriptive procedure is developed to process the raw data posted to the HERMES database. The current estimates are tied to voltage determination using the MITL theory of Mendel, as modified by Schumer and Ottinger. The converter currents are accurately recorded due to newly calibrated monitors at the converter location. Additional historical information about the development of the HERMES current monitor set is included to enhance the archival value of this Report. The evolution of the TLD faceplate profile from non-peaked center to center-peaked is discussed, with hypotheses as to the cause. The prescriptive procedure discussed herein is accurate as of the day of printing. Should the prescription be modified and updated, this Report would also need updating.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2014

Use of a radial self-field diode geometry for intense pulsed ion beam generation at 6 MeV on Hermes III

We investigate the generation of intense pulsed focused ion beams at the 6 MeV level using an inductive voltage adder (IVA) pulsed-power generator, which employs a magnetically insulated transmission line (MITL). Such IVA machines typical run at an impedance of few tens of Ohms. Previous successful intense ion beam generation experiments have often featured an “axial” pinch-reflex ion diode (i.e., with an axial anode-cathode gap) and operated on a conventional Marx generator/water line driver with an impedance of a few Ohms and no need for an MITL. The goals of these experiments are to develop a pinch-reflex ion diode geometry that has an impedance to efficiently match to an IVA, produces a reasonably high ion current fraction, captures the vacuum electron current flowing forward in the MITL, and focuses the resulting ion beam to small spot size. A new “radial” pinch-reflex ion diode (i.e., with a radial anode-cathode gap) is found to best demonstrate these properties. Operation in both positive and negative polarities was undertaken, although the negative polarity experiments are emphasized. Particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations are consistent with experimental results indicating that, for diode impedances less than the self-limited impedance of the MITL, almost all of the forward-going IVA vacuum electron flow current is incorporated into the diode current. PIC results also provide understanding of the diode-impedance and ion-focusing properties of the diode. In addition, a substantial high-energy ion population is also identified propagating in the “reverse” direction, i.e., from the back side of the anode foil in the electron beam dump.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2013

HERMES Model Modifications and Applications 2012

HERMES was developed to meet requirements for a model to describe explosive response to impacts that do not produce prompt detonation, but can include delayed detonations such as DDT and XDT. Such response is termed High Explosive Violent Response (HEVR). The HERMES model includes a constitutive description of strength as a function of pressure, strain-rate, strain, and ambient temperature; the development of damage including fragmentation and porosity; the conditions leading to ignition; the propagation of a burning reaction through the volume of damaged explosive; the burn-up of the damaged and undamaged explosive; and the development of detonation using the Computational Reaction Evolution dependent on Entropy (S) and Time (CREST) detonation model. CREST can distinguish gradual pressure increases from shock waves, and also predict the increase in shock sensitivity to detonation that results from increased porosity. This year HERMES has been implemented as a User Defined Function in ALE 3D. As a result, modifications to the model can be implemented in a timely fashion asynchronously from the ALE 3D distribution process. There are differences between the implementation of HERMES in ALE 3D and the implementation in LS DYNA. The major difference is the propagation of an ignition front from an element that has started to burn. In LS DYNA, the time at which an element begins to burn is based on the minimum line-of-sight distance between the element and any previously ignited element. In ALE 3D the time to burn is based on a level-set method that propagates the ignition front from all elements that were previously ignited. The ALE 3D implementation modifies the time of ignition when element deformation changes the distance from the element to the source. The LS DYNA implementation does not. There are also differences in the implementation of artificial viscosity, which is important for CREST since the artificial viscosity increases the element entropy in a shock. In general, however, the differences have proven minor. In collaboration with the Atomic Weapons Establishment, UK (AWE), we have characterized two additional explosives – PETN and Composition B, a mixture of 60% RDX and 40% TNT by weight. Applications of HERMES to these explosives are described below.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2023

Hermes-3: Multi-component plasma simulations with BOUT++

A new open source tool for fluid simulation of multi-component plasmas is presented, based on a flexible software design that is applicable to scientific simulations in a wide range of fields. Hermes-3 is built on plasma simulation framework BOUT++, consolidating earlier SD1D and Hermes models into a single code that can be configured at run-time to solve plasma models in 1D, 2D or 3D, either for transport (steady-state) or turbulent (time-evolving) problems, with an arbitrary number of ion and neutral species. Here, we describe the improved numerical algorithms and software design that have been implemented in Hermes-3. To demonstrate the capabilities of this tool, applications relevant to the boundary of tokamak plasmas are presented: 1D simulations of diveror plasmas evolving equations for all charge states of neon and deuterium; 2D transport simulations of tokamak equilibria in single-null X-point geometry with plasma ion and neutral atom species; and simulations of the time-dependent propagation of plasma filaments (blobs). Hermes-3 is publicly available on Github under the GPL-3 open source license. The repository includes documentation and a suite of unit, integrated and convergence tests.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Zinc-finger BED domains drive the formation of the active Hermes transpososome by asymmetric DNA binding

The Hermes DNA transposon is a member of the eukaryotic hAT superfamily, and its transposase forms a ring-shaped tetramer of dimers. Our investigation, combining biochemical, crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy, and in-cell assays, shows that the full-length Hermes octamer extensively interacts with its transposon left-end through multiple BED domains of three Hermes protomers contributed by three dimers explaining the role of the unusual higher-order assembly. By contrast, the right-end is bound to no BED domains at all. Thus, this work supports a model in which Hermes multimerizes to gather enough BED domains to find its left-end among the abundant genomic DNA, facilitating the subsequent interaction with the right-end.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2011

MODELING OF THE HERMES SUBMILLIMETER SOURCE LENSED BY A DARK MATTER DOMINATED FOREGROUND GROUP OF GALAXIES

We present the results of a gravitational lensing analysis of the bright z{sub s} = 2.957 submillimeter galaxy (SMG) HERMES found in the Herschel/SPIRE science demonstration phase data from the Herschel Multi-tiered Extragalactic Survey (HerMES) project. The high-resolution imaging available in optical and near-IR channels, along with CO emission obtained with the Plateau de Bure Interferometer, allows us to precisely estimate the intrinsic source extension and hence estimate the total lensing magnification to be {mu} = 10.9 {+-} 0.7. We measure the half-light radius R{sub eff} of the source in the rest-frame near-UV and V bands that characterize the unobscured light coming from stars and find R{sub eff,*} = [2.0 {+-} 0.1] kpc, in good agreement with recent studies on the SMG population. This lens model is also used to estimate the size of the gas distribution (R{sub eff,gas} = [1.1 {+-} 0.5] kpc) by mapping back in the source plane the CO (J = 5 {yields} 4) transition line emission. The lens modeling yields a relatively large Einstein radius R{sub Ein} = 4.''10 {+-} 0.''02, corresponding to a deflector velocity dispersion of [483 {+-} 16] km s{sup -1}. This shows that HERMES is lensed by a galaxy group-size dark matter halo at redshift z{sub l} {approx} 0.6. The projected dark matter contribution largely dominates the mass budget within the Einstein radius with f{sub dm}(< R{sub Ein}) {approx} 80%. This fraction reduces to f{sub dm}(< R{sub eff,G1} {approx_equal} 4.5 kpc) {approx} 47% within the effective radius of the main deflecting galaxy of stellar mass M{sub *,G1} = [8.5 {+-} 1.6] x 10{sup 11} M{sub sun}. At this smaller scale the dark matter fraction is consistent with results already found for massive lensing ellipticals at z {approx} 0.2 from the Sloan Lens ACS Survey.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2013

History of HERMES III Diode to Z-Pinch Breakthrough and Beyond (learning about Pulsed Power and Z-Pinch ICF)

HERMES III and Z are two flagship accelerators of Sandia s pulsed-power program developed to generate intense ɤ-ray fields for the study of nuclear radiation effects, and to explore high energy-density physics (including the production of intense x-ray fields for Inertia Confinement Fusion [ICF]), respectively. A diode at the exit of HERMES III converts its 20-MeV electron beam into ɤ-rays. In contrast, at the center of Z, a z-pinch is used to convert its 20-MA current into an intense burst of x-rays. Here the history of how the HERMES III diode emerged from theoretical considerations to actual hardware is discussed. Next, the reverse process of how the experimental discovery of wire-array stabilization in a z-pinch, led to a better theory of wire-array implosions and its application to one of the ICF concepts on Z--the DH (Dynamic Hohlraum) is reviewed. Lastly, the report concludes with how the unexpected axial radiation asymmetry measured in the DH is understood. The first discussion illustrates the evolution of physics from theory-to-observation-to-refinement. The second two illustrate the reverse process of observation-to-theory-to-refinement. The histories are discussed through the vehicle of my research at Sandia, illustrating the unique environment Sandia provides for personal growth and development into a scientific leader.

Sanford, Thomas William Lou↗
DOE OSTI2012

Use of radial self-field geometry for intense pulsed ion beam generation above 6 MeV on Hermes III.

We investigate the generation and propagation of intense pulsed ion beams at the 6 MeV level and above using the Hermes III facility at Sandia National Laboratories. While high-power ion beams have previously been produced using Hermes III, we have conducted systematic studies of several ion diode geometries for the purpose of maximizing focused ion energy for a number of applications. A self-field axial-gap diode of the pinch reflex type and operated in positive polarity yielded beam power below predicted levels. This is ascribed both to power flow losses of unknown origin upstream of the diode load in Hermes positive polarity operation, and to anomalies in beam focusing in this configuration. A change to a radial self-field geometry and negative polarity operation resulted in greatly increased beam voltage (> 6 MeV) and estimated ion current. A comprehensive diagnostic set was developed to characterize beam performance, including both time-dependent and time-integrated measurements of local and total beam power. A substantial high-energy ion population was identified propagating in reverse direction, i.e. from the back side of the anode in the electron beam dump. While significant progress was made in increasing beam power, further improvements in assessing the beam focusing envelope will be required before ultimate ion generation efficiency with this geometry can be completely determined.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Development of Fast-Pulse Neutron Generation Capability by Beam-Target Interaction on HERMES-III for Radiation Effects Testing (Final Report)

The goal of this project is to produce an intense neutron pulse on HERMES III using the beam-target method with an intense proton beam. The potential advantage of proton use is that the generated neutron spectrum contains significantly more high-energy neutrons than that produced by electron-beam generated photoneutrons using the same facility. And compared to (D,T) facilities such as NIF, no tritium (or deuterium) is required for this process. To achieve the mid ~10 10 neutrons/cm 2 at a test object location listed as the goal in the Proposal, it was proposed that a radial ion diode previously developed and fielded at the 6 MeV - level be extended in performance to the full-power level on HERMES, with proton energies in the neighborhood of 15 MeV. This Report details the successful development of the radial ion diode at full power, which required more durable hardware which could be fielded at a one shot/day basis with minimal debris and activation (an important concern), and which could be substituted quickly into the normal negative-polarity bremsstrahlung source experiments without compromising the main HERMES validation mission. As direct measurement of proton beam characteristics proved challenging, the Project relied on an extensive series of simulations, LSP for beam dynamics and MCNP to characterize neutron output. Simulation results will be discussed, including the conclusion that neutron measurements made are consistent with an MCNP-predicted proton beam of 16 MeV peak energy, and 200 kA peak current. This Project also contributes to physics understanding of the use of inductive voltage adder (IVA) platforms to drive diode loads. Since such diodes operate independently of the physics of IVAs, the IVA-diode coupling requires matching of the MITL flow to the requirements of ion diode operation.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2020

HERMES 2019 Upgrade Characterization - Quick Look Report (UUR)

Characterizing the electromagnetic environment created by the recently upgraded HERMES III pulser is the primary objective addressed by this report. The pulser upgrade design was intended not only to provide higher electric field and magnetic field illumination amplitudes but also to provide a more collimated beam, focused along the center-line of the courtyard. For high-voltage pulsers to be useful as qualification systems, they must have the requisite peak values and uniform, predictable peak field spatial patterns. To assess the peak electric field values and uniformity of the spatial pattern of the electric fields for the upgraded HERMES system, a 1 6 full-power shot illumination of 9 electric and 9 magnetic field sensors in the courtyard of the HERMES III facility was conducted. The data acquired from this test showed an increase an increase in electric field amplitude, but still an asymmetry in the spatial distributions.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2024

SCALE inventory and reactivity analysis as part of the Hermes 2021 PSAR review

The readiness of SCALE for comprehensive studies of pebble-bed reactors has been demonstrated through detailed analysis of a fluoride salt–cooled, high-temperature pebble-bed reactor (PB-FHR). The methods developed for pebble-bed reactor modeling in SCALE, particularly for inventory generation, have proven effective in gaining insights into the reactor physics of this advanced reactor. Excellent agreement with another code package has been observed, further highlighting SCALE’s strong performance. The SCALE results supported the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission’s construction permit application review of the Hermes low-power PB-FHR demonstration reactor. A SCALE model of the Hermes reactor was developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory using information from the Preliminary Safety Analysis Report (PSAR) and supplemented with publicly available data. SCALE reactivity coefficient simulations reproduced PSAR results within 1σ statistical uncertainties. Sensitivity studies emphasized the importance of graphite specifications for accurate keff predictions.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Hard Exclusive Vector Meson Leptoproduction At HERMES

The HERMES experiment at DESY, Hamburg collected a set of data on hard exclusive vector meson ({rho}{sup 0}{phi},{omega}) leptoproduction using the 27.6 GeV longitudinally polarized lepton beam of HERA accelerator and longitudinally or transversely polarized or unpolarized gas targets. Measurements of exclusive vector meson production provide access to the structure of the nucleon since the process can be described in terms of Generalized Parton Distributions (GPDs). An overview of the HERMES results on exclusive vector mesons production is presented.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗