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System Study: High-Pressure Core Spray 1998-2022

This report presents an unreliability evaluation of the high-pressure core spray (HPCS) at eight U.S. commercial operating boiling water reactors. New Standardized Plant Analysis Risk (SPAR) models with the most recent SPAR parameter update results were used in this report. Demand, run hour, and failure data from 1998–2022 for selected components were obtained from the Institute of Nuclear Power Operations Industry Reporting and Information System. The unreliability results are trended for the most recent 10-year period while yearly estimates for system unreliability are provided for the entire active period. Statistically significant increasing trends were identified in both the HPCS system start-only unreliability and 8-hour mission unreliability.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

System Study: High-Pressure Core Spray 1998-2024

This report presents an unreliability evaluation of the high-pressure core spray (HPCS) at eight U.S. commercial operating boiling water reactors. New Standardized Plant Analysis Risk (SPAR) models with the most recent SPAR parameter update results were used in this report. Demand, run hour, and failure data from 1998 to 2024 for selected components were obtained from the Institute of Nuclear Power Operations Industry Reporting and Information System. The unreliability results are trended for the most recent 10-year period and yearly estimates for system unreliability are provided for the entire active period. No statistically significant increasing or decreasing trends were identified in the HPCS results.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

Enhanced Component Performance Study: Emergency Diesel Generators 1998-2024

This report presents an enhanced performance evaluation of the emergency power system (EPS) and high-pressure core spray (HPCS) emergency diesel generators (EDGs) at U.S. commercial nuclear power plants. This report evaluates component performance over time using (1) Institute of Nuclear Power Operations (INPO) Industry Reporting and Information System (IRIS) data from 1998 through 2024 and (2) maintenance unavailability performance data from Mitigating Systems Performance Index (MSPI) Basis Document data from 2002 through 2024. The objective is to show estimates of current failure probabilities and rates related to EDGs, trend these data on an annual basis, determine if the current data are consistent with the probability distributions currently recommended for use in Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) probabilistic risk assessments, show how the reliability data differ for different EDG manufacturers and for EDGs with different ratings; and summarize the subcomponents, causes, detection methods, and recovery associated with each EDG failure mode. The EDG failure modes considered are fail to start (FTS), fail to load and run (FTLR), and fail to run after one hour of operation (FTR>1H). Engineering analyses were performed with respect to time-period and failure mode without regard to the actual number of EDGs at each plant. The factors analyzed include subcomponent, failure cause, detection method, recovery, manufacturer, and EDG rating. The following increasing trends were identified for EDGs for the most recent 10-year period: • EPS and HPCS EDG frequency of start demands (demands per reactor year) • EPS and HPCS EDG frequency of FTLR demands • EPS and HPCS EDG frequency of run>1H hours. The following decreasing trends were identified for EDGs for the most recent 10-year period: • EPS EDG FTR>1H failure rate • EPS EDG unreliability • EPS and HPCS EDG frequency of FTR>1H events (failures per reactor year).

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

Spatially-resolved soot evolution and statistics in high-pressure diesel spray flames using two-color pyrometry

Previous studies of diesel spray flames have focused on details of the sooting behavior mainly during the quasi-steady period, but few have considered the spatially-resolved transient evolution in combination with injection-to-injection variations. In this study, a 500-injection data set is utilized to investigate the temporal evolution of a spray flame during auto-ignition, the premixed burn phase, and the quasi-steady period. Spatially-resolved OH* chemiluminescence data provide ignition delay times and reaction zone locations. Two-color pyrom-etry with a vastly improved optical system is used to quantify spatially-resolved soot evolution and its statistical variations. The ambient thermodynamic con-ditions are slightly below those in modern diesel engines, resulting in longer lift-off lengths and lower overall soot production. Spatially, soot formation in the lift-off region is small, but appreciable soot forms in the jet core and jet head regions, while it oxidizes gradually on the jet periphery. Total soot mass profiles indicate that regions with larger local soot mass take longer to form, but are the first to oxidize. Probability distributions of soot mass in localized regions indicate that a few injections with high soot mass bias the average soot mass data towards higher values. Altogether, results show good agreement with previous studies employing different diagnostic techniques while providing statistical details of transient and localized soot behavior in high pressure diesel spray flames in support of the related modeling efforts.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗