Towards Area Efficient Logic Circuit: Exploring Potential of Reconfigurable Gate by Generic Exact Synthesis
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42 ENGINEERING↗
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Systems and methods for micromechanical displacement-based logic circuits
The present disclosure relates to a micromechanical displacement logic, signal propagation system that makes use of first and second bistable elements, and first and second mounting structures arranged adjacent opposing surfaces of the first bistable element. A plurality of pivotal lever arms are used to support the first bistable element in either one of two positions of equilibrium. A support structure and a compressible flexure element disposed between the support structure and the first mounting structure apply a preload force to the first mounting structure, which imparts the preload force to the first bistable element. The first bistable element is moveable from one of the two stable equilibrium positions to the other in response to an initial signal applied thereto. The preload force, at least one stiffness characteristic of the lever arms, and a compressibility of a compressible coupling element which links the second bistable element to the first, are all selected to tune signal propagation from the first bistable element to the second bistable element.
Panas, Robert Matthew↗
Analysis of PTL routes for LSI of superconducting logic circuits.
Abstract not provided.
Lewis, Rupert M.↗
A SET OF TURING COMPLETE MECHANICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS AND A SIMPLE LOGIC CIRCUIT
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Engineering - Mechanical and civil engineering, Ma↗
Leveraging Qubit Loss Detection in Fault-Tolerant Quantum Algorithms
Qubit loss errors constitute a dominant source of noise in many quantum hardware systems, particularly in neutral-atom quantum computers. We develop a theoretical framework to effectively detect and correct loss errors in logical algorithms and leverage such loss information in decoding. Considering general quantum error correction codes and logical circuits, we introduce a delayed-erasure decoder for experimentally motivated error models which leverages information from delayed loss detection to accurately correct loss errors, even when the precise moment of the error is unknown. Using this decoder, we identify strategies for detecting and correcting loss errors based on the logical circuit structure. For deep circuits prior to logical measurement, we explore methods to integrate loss detection into syndrome extraction with minimal overhead, identifying optimal strategies depending on the qubit loss fraction in the noise and hardware capabilities. In contrast, we find that many key algorithmic subroutines involve frequent gate teleportation, shortening the circuit depth before logical measurement and naturally replacing qubits with no additional experimental overhead. We simulate this setting using a toy model algorithm for small-angle synthesis and find a significant performance improvement as the loss fraction increases. These results provide a path forward for advancing large-scale fault-tolerant quantum computation in systems with loss error detection.
atoms↗
All‐Polymer Bulk‐Heterojunction Organic Electrochemical Transistors with Balanced Ionic and Electronic Transport
Abstract The rapid development of organic electrochemical transistor (OECTs)‐based circuits brings new opportunities for next‐generation integrated bioelectronics. The all‐polymer bulk‐heterojunction (BHJ) offers an attractive, inexpensive alternative to achieve efficient ambipolar OECTs, and building blocks of logic circuits constructed from them, but have not been investigated to date. Here, the first all‐polymer BHJ‐based OECTs are reported, consisting of a blend of new p‐type ladder conjugated polymer and a state‐of‐the‐art n‐type ladder polymer. The whole ladder‐type polymer BHJ also proves that side chains are not necessary for good ion transport. Instead, the polymer nanostructures play a critical role in the ion penetration and transportation and thus in the device performance. It also provides a facile strategy and simplifies the fabrication process, forgoing the need to pattern multiple active layers. In addition, the development of complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS)‐like OECTs allows the pursuit of advanced functional logic circuitry, including inverters and NAND gates, as well as for amplifying electrophysiology signals. This work opens a new approach to the design of new materials for OECTs and will contribute to the development of organic heterojunctions for ambipolar OECTs toward high‐performing logic circuits.
Chemistry↗
Radiation-Hardened GaN HEMT and Cell Design, Modeling, and Fabrication for Nuclear Instrumentation Applications
Recent advances in nuclear power generation technologies show great promise for efficient, safe generation of carbon-free power in the near future. Consequently, many new generation reactor designs are being pursued by government and industry groups, including both fission- and fusion-based technologies. Radiation- and temperature-tolerant sensor technology continues to advance, yet development of the electronics/instrumentation technologies suitable for these environments have fallen behind. Industry has adequately addressed harsh environment electronics needs for low earth orbit satellites, but the much more extreme conditions associated with electronics placed near or in a reactor core remain unaddressed. This project investigates the use of gallium nitride (GaN) circuit technology to address the unique needs for sensor interface electronics and communications in reactor environments. This report provides a summary of the first year’s project activities related to developing and optimizing devices and circuits for this GaN high electronic mobility transistor (HEMT) process. Activities reported include multiple analog and digital circuit designs simulated using custom Verilog-A models generated from measured GaN devices fabricated in the target process. Digital circuit designs included fundamental logic circuits such as an inverter, NAND, NOR, AND and OR gates, as well as a 5-stage ring oscillator. Each design was simulated using an open-source SPICE simulator, and an integrated circuit layout was produced of each design for use in future fabrication. Analog circuit designs focused on the fundamental building blocks to be used to construct sensor interface and communications circuits. These included current mirrors, matched differential pairs, and a Gilbert cell mixer design, each with an associated integrated circuit layout. Layout tools used for these designs included two open-source packages—KLayout and Magic—which were customized for specific use with the OSU GaN process layers. Design rules and preliminary device extraction capabilities were built for the Magic tool to enable device extraction and subsequent netlist generation for SPICE simulation. Finally, future research directions for year two are summarized. When the year-two directions are implemented, the project will be in position to advance the state of the art in electronics for near- or in-reactor sensor interfacing and communications.
22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
Realistic Cost to Execute Practical Quantum Circuits using Direct Clifford+T Lattice Surgery Compilation
We report a resource estimation pipeline that explicitly compiles quantum circuits expressed using the Clifford+T gate set into a surface code lattice surgery instruction set. The cadence of magic state requests from the compiled circuit enables the optimization of magic state distillation and storage requirements in a post-hoc analysis. To compile logical circuits into lattice surgery operations, we build upon the open-source Lattice Surgery Compiler. The revised compiler operates in two stages: the first translates logical gates into an abstract, layout-independent instruction set; the second compiles these into local lattice surgery instructions that are allocated to hardware tiles according to a specified resource layout. The second stage retains logical parallelism while avoiding resource contention in the fault-tolerant layer, aiding realism. Additionally, users can specify dedicated tiles at which magic states are replenished, enabling resource costs from the logical computation to be considered independently from magic state distillation and storage. We demonstrate the applicability of our pipeline to large practical quantum circuits by providing resource estimates for the ground state estimation of molecules. Finally, we find that variable magic state consumption rates in real circuits can cause the resource costs of magic state storage to dominate unless production is varied to suit.
97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
Solution-processable integrated CMOS circuits based on colloidal CuInSe2 quantum dots
Abstract The emerging technology of colloidal quantum dot electronics provides an opportunity for combining the advantages of well-understood inorganic semiconductors with the chemical processability of molecular systems. So far, most research on quantum dot electronic devices has focused on materials based on Pb- and Cd chalcogenides. In addition to environmental concerns associated with the presence of toxic metals, these quantum dots are not well suited for applications in CMOS circuits due to difficulties in integrating complementary n - and p -channel transistors in a common quantum dot active layer. Here, we demonstrate that by using heavy-metal-free CuInSe 2 quantum dots, we can address the problem of toxicity and simultaneously achieve straightforward integration of complimentary devices to prepare functional CMOS circuits. Specifically, utilizing the same spin-coated layer of CuInSe 2 quantum dots, we realize both p - and n -channel transistors and demonstrate well-behaved integrated logic circuits with low switching voltages compatible with standard CMOS electronics.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
Vertical organic electrochemical transistors for complementary circuits
Abstract Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) and OECT-based circuitry offer great potential in bioelectronics, wearable electronics and artificial neuromorphic electronics because of their exceptionally low driving voltages (<1 V), low power consumption (<1 µW), high transconductances (>10 mS) and biocompatibility 1–5 . However, the successful realization of critical complementary logic OECTs is currently limited by temporal and/or operational instability, slow redox processes and/or switching, incompatibility with high-density monolithic integration and inferior n-type OECT performance 6–8 . Here we demonstrate p- and n-type vertical OECTs with balanced and ultra-high performance by blending redox-active semiconducting polymers with a redox-inactive photocurable and/or photopatternable polymer to form an ion-permeable semiconducting channel, implemented in a simple, scalable vertical architecture that has a dense, impermeable top contact. Footprint current densities exceeding 1 kA cm −2 at less than ±0.7 V, transconductances of 0.2–0.4 S, short transient times of less than 1 ms and ultra-stable switching (>50,000 cycles) are achieved in, to our knowledge, the first vertically stacked complementary vertical OECT logic circuits. This architecture opens many possibilities for fundamental studies of organic semiconductor redox chemistry and physics in nanoscopically confined spaces, without macroscopic electrolyte contact, as well as wearable and implantable device applications.
Science & Technology - Other Topics↗
Contact-Less Integrity Verification of Microelectronics Using Near-Field EM Analysis
Modern microelectronics life-cycle and supply chain ecosystem bring multiple untrusted entities, which can compromise their integrity. A major integrity issue of microelectronics stems from piracy of intellectual properties (IP) and counterfeiting, which causes significant revenue loss to the semiconductor manufacturers. Further, these components often lead to compromised functionality, reliability, security, and safety of an electronic system. This paper presents secure information transmission and probing methods for verifying the integrity of digital integrated circuit (ICs) based on their electromagnetic (EM) near-field emissions and thereby protecting systems against counterfeit components. The proposed method has been tested on both high-level instructions executed by microprocessors or Systems-on-Chip (serving as examples of software), and also logic circuits within FPGA fabrics and ASICs (serving as examples of hardware). The authentication information required by each digital system is generated using a pseudo-random number generator circuit and securely transmitted via near-field magnetic emissions. The authorized party can probe these emissions using a near-field probe, process the acquired signals to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and then recover the secure information through matched filtering. Experimental results from commercial SoCs are used to demonstrate the proposed technique. Methods for reducing EM interference during integrity verification of both FPGAs and ASICs are also described.
47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
Oscillator for adiabatic computational circuitry
An adiabatic resonator, an adiabatic oscillator, and an adiabatic oscillator system are disclosed. An adiabatic system is one that ideally transfers no heat outside of the system, thereby reducing the required operating power. The adiabatic resonator, which includes a plurality of tank circuits, acts as an energy reservoir, the missing aspect of previously attempted adiabatic computational systems. By using the adiabatic resonator as a feedback element with an amplifier, an adiabatic oscillator is formed. An adiabatic oscillator system is formed with a primary adiabatic oscillator feeding a plurality of secondary adiabatic oscillators. In this manner, the adiabatic oscillator system may be used to generate the multiple clock signals required of adiabatic computational logic elements, such as Split-level Charge Recovery Logic and 2-Level Adiabatic Logic. The adiabatic oscillator system stores enough energy to drive many individual adiabatic computational logic elements, permitting implementation of complex logic circuits.
Brocato, Robert W.↗
A Pulse Generation Framework with Augmented Program-aware Basis Gates and Criticality Analysis
Near-term intermediate scale quantum (NISQ) de- vices are subject to considerable noise and short coherence time. Consequently, it is critical to minimize circuit execution latency. Traditionally, each basis gate of a transpiled circuit is decoded into a fixed episode of the device control pulses. Recently, people started to investigate merged pulse generation for customized gates through quantum optimal control (QOC). However, existing QOC approaches face the challenges of (i) restricted search space due to prohibitive compilation overhead; (ii) suboptimal end-to-end performance due to aggressive local optimization and falsely introduced dependency among the customized gates; (iii) inadequate adaptivity towards system calibration, which is critical for NISQ devices. In this work, we propose PAQOC, a novel QOC framework that can (i) automatically detect frequently encountered gate patterns in the logical circuit by modeling the problem as a subgraph mining process and reuse these patterns to enable much larger search space exploration (i.e., program aware); (ii) systemically construct customized gate-set based on the impact to the overall program latency (i.e., criticality-aware); and (iii) quickly adapt to system re-calibration thanks to the small-scale pattern-based gate generation (i.e., adaptivity-aware). PAQOC achieves a good tradeoff between circuit performance and compilation time, allowing fully automatic, single stop, ad- hoc customized pulse generation for more efficient execution of user programs on NISQ devices. Evaluations using fifteen applications show that PAQOC can achieve on average 1.95× speedup of the circuit latency and achieve on average 36.7% reduction in compilation overhead. With PAQOC, circuits can run faster with reduced noise, allowing deeper circuits to be tested within the coherence time of present NISQ platforms.
Chen, Yanhao↗
Powering DNA strand-displacement reactions with a continuous flow reactor
Living systems require a sustained supply of energy and nutrients to survive. These nutrients are ingested, transformed into low-energy waste products, and excreted. In contrast, synthetic DNA strand-displacement reactions typically run within closed systems provided with a finite initial supply of reactants. Once the reactants are consumed, all net reactions halt and the system ceases to function. In the study, we ran DNA strand-displacement reactions in a continuous flow reactor, infusing fresh reactants and withdrawing waste, enabling the system to dynamically update its outputs in response to changing inputs. Running DNA strand-displacement reactions inside of continuous flow reactors allows the system to be re-used for multiple rounds of computation, which could enable the execution of more elaborate information processing tasks, including single-rail negation and sequential logic circuits.
59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
All-optical temporal differentiation in hot standing-wave-dressed atoms
We propose a scheme to realize all-optical temporal differentiation calculation to input pulse in an inverse Y-type four-level atomic system driven by a strong standing-wave. Two optical blockades are created at individual wavelengths of two probe fields in presence of one single strong standing-wave field. On one hand, ultra-narrow transmission windows are produced for probe pulse field 1 when probe field 2 is so strong as a controlling field in EIT configuration. The system can be designed as a phase-reverter of weak probe field 1 and can perform temporal differentiation calculation to it because aπ phase shift is created. On the other hand, the blockade at probe field 2 can be burst in two-photon resonance configuration when probe field 1 becomes strong and saturated absorption takes effect. So a two-photon switching is also expected in this standing-wave-dressed atomic system. The scheme has a potential for an all-optical transistor in quantum logical circuits.
71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
Chapter 10: Advances in Protein Engineering and its Application in Synthetic Biology
Protein engineering has been used successfully in fields ranging from medicine to food science to biofuels. Applications of protein engineering include developing antiviral peptides or other protein therapeutics, antibody engineering, designing protein-based logic circuits, engineering enzymes to be more specific or to function under industrially relevant conditions such as at higher temperatures or high/low pH, modifying cell signaling or regulatory functions, and so on. Advances in recombinant DNA, "omics," and CRISPR-Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and its associated proteins) technologies, combined with high-throughput screening facilities, will lead to improved methods for protein engineering, enabling easy modification of more proteins/enzymes for new specific applications. New methods for rational design, directed evolution, and computer-aided protein design will further accelerate the speed of protein evolution and expand the scope for protein engineering. In this chapter we discuss general protein engineering strategies and advances in engineering proteins with desired functions, focusing on the "design" and "build" part of the design-build-test-learn cycle.
BIOMASS FUELS↗
Point containment algorithms for constructive solid geometry with unbounded primitives
Here, we present several algorithms for evaluating point containment in constructive solid geometry (CSG) trees with unbounded primitives. Three algorithms are presented based on postfix, prefix, and infix notations of the CSG binary expression tree. We show that prefix and infix notations enable short-circuiting logic, which reduces the number of primitives that must be checked during point containment. To evaluate the performance of the algorithms, each algorithm was implemented in the OpenMC Monte Carlo particle transport code, which relies on CSG to represent solid bodies through which subatomic particles travel. Two sets of tests were carried out. First, the execution time to generate a rasterized image of a 2D slice of three CSG models of varying complexity was measured. Use of both prefix and infix notations offered significant speedup over the postfix notation that has traditionally been used in particle transport codes, with infix resulting in a 6 x reduction in execution time relative to postfix for a model of a tokamak fusion device. We then measured the execution time of neutron transport simulations of the same three models using each of the algorithms. The results and performance improvements reveal the same trends as for the rasterization test, with a 5.52 x overall speedup using the infix notation relative to the original postfix notation in OpenMC for the tokamak model.
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
Water stable molecular n-doping produces organic electrochemical transistors with high transconductance and record stability
From established to emergent technologies, doping plays a crucial role in all semiconducting devices. Doping could, theoretically, be an excellent technique for improving repressively low transconductances in n-type organic electrochemical transistors – critical for advancing logic circuits for bioelectronic and neuromorphic technologies. However, the technical challenge is extreme: n-doped polymers are unstable in electrochemical transistor operating environments, air and water (electrolyte). Here, the first demonstration of doping in electron transporting organic electrochemical transistors is reported. The ammonium salt tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride is simply admixed with the conjugated polymer poly(N,N’-bis(7-glycol)-naphthalene-1,4,5,8-bis(dicarboximide)-co-2,2’-bithiophene-co-N,N’-bis(2-octyldodecyl)-naphthalene-1,4,5,8-bis(dicarboximide), and found to act as a simultaneous molecular dopant and morphology-additive. The combined effects enhance the n-type transconductance with improved channel capacitance and mobility. Furthermore, operational and shelf-life stability measurements showcase the first example of water-stable n-doping in a polymer. Overall, the results set a precedent for doping/additives to impact organic electrochemical transistors as powerfully as they have in other semiconducting devices.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗