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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

Components of aircraft life support systems interact with each other and the user

The life support system in a tactical aircraft provides necessary supplemental oxygen to the aircrew. However, interactions among its various components may generate unexpected breathing loads. We focus here on the interactions between a regulator and breathing mask commonly used together in the U.S. Navy, the CRU-103 regulator and MBU 23/P mask, and some effects of the interactions on the user. The data reported were collected during a larger research effort examining potential physiological and cognitive effects of low regulator inlet pressures. Seventeen participants completed a series of tasks under mild exercise while breathing 40% O 2 (balance N 2 ) from an MBU-23/P mask supplied by a CRU-103 regulator with supply pressures 10, 6, 4, and 2 psig (CRU-103 specifications are for inlet pressures from 5 to 120 psig). Variables measured included flow to the mask and pressures at the regulator supply, in the hose to the mask, and in the mask. In addition to restricting inspiratory flow, low inlet pressure to the CRU-103 caused a counterintuitive overshoot in gas delivery pressure at end-inspiration, a mean increase of 1.5 cm H 2 O between the 10- and 2 psig conditions. The added pressure to the exhalation valve increased the expiratory threshold, the pressure to start expiratory flow, by approximately 2 cm H 2 O, increasing the effort needed to exhale.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Astrovirology: how viruses enhance our understanding of life in the Universe

Abstract Viruses are the most numerically abundant biological entities on Earth. As ubiquitous replicators of molecular information and agents of community change, viruses have potent effects on the life on Earth, and may play a critical role in human spaceflight, for life-detection missions to other planetary bodies and planetary protection. However, major knowledge gaps constrain our understanding of the Earth's virosphere: (1) the role viruses play in biogeochemical cycles, (2) the origin(s) of viruses and (3) the involvement of viruses in the evolution, distribution and persistence of life. As viruses are the only replicators that span all known types of nucleic acids, an expanded experimental and theoretical toolbox built for Earth's viruses will be pivotal for detecting and understanding life on Earth and beyond. Only by filling in these knowledge and technical gaps we will obtain an inclusive assessment of how to distinguish and detect life on other planetary surfaces. Meanwhile, space exploration requires life-support systems for the needs of humans, plants and their microbial inhabitants. Viral effects on microbes and plants are essential for Earth's biosphere and human health, but virus–host interactions in spaceflight are poorly understood. Viral relationships with their hosts respond to environmental changes in complex ways which are difficult to predict by extrapolating from Earth-based proxies. These relationships should be studied in space to fully understand how spaceflight will modulate viral impacts on human health and life-support systems, including microbiomes. In this review, we address key questions that must be examined to incorporate viruses into Earth system models, life-support systems and life detection. Tackling these questions will benefit our efforts to develop planetary protection protocols and further our understanding of viruses in astrobiology.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

Advanced Alkaline Membrane H 2 /Air Fuel Cell System with Novel Technique for Air CO 2 Removal

Over the course of this project, significant progress was achieved in developing the hydroxide exchange membrane fuel cell (HEMFC) and the electrochemically-driven CO₂ separator (EDCS), with a focus on improving performance, durability, and scalability. Key milestones were met, and the technology demonstrated potential for a wide range of applications, including fuel cell vehicles, direct air capture (DAC), and life support systems.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2026

Urea-to-Ammonia Conversion at Proteus mirabilis Modified Pt–Ni/BDD Electrodes

Efficient wastewater recycling technologies are essential for long-duration space missions and sustainable water management on Earth. Here, a bioelectrochemical system integrating Proteus mirabilis with a platinum–nickel-modified boron-doped diamond electrode (Pt–Ni/BDDE) for urea-to-ammonia conversion in synthetic urine is presented. Immobilized P. mirabilis catalyzes enzymatic ureolysis, converting urea into ammonia, which is subsequently oxidized electrochemically, and no direct electrochemical urea oxidation is observed. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) of P. mirabilis on Pt–Ni/BDDE in 0.1 M urea and synthetic urine revealed a broad anodic oxidation peak at approximately 0.55–0.75 V vs Ag/AgCl (sat. KCl), corresponding to ammonia oxidation. Control experiments using bare BDDE and Pt–Ni/BDDE in synthetic urine showed no oxidation peak, establishing that the bioelectrocatalytic response originates exclusively from the bioelectrode interface. Chronoamperometry studies revealed that immobilization potential and time critically influenced bacterial adhesion and electrochemical response, with optimal conditions yielding a maximum current density of 0.0055 mA·cm –2 . These quantitative results establish that microbial ureolysis can be efficiently coupled with advanced electrode materials for urea-to-ammonia conversion, offering a promising self-sustaining strategy for urine processing and water recovery in closed-loop life support systems.

Ammonia↗
DOE OSTI2026

Adsorption-based direct air capture using hierarchical porous composites prepared via confined-space crystallization

Capturing CO₂ at trace concentration remains a critical challenge in sustainable carbon management via adsorption, as conventional adsorbents suffer from low CO₂ selectivity, poor moisture tolerance, and energy-intensive regeneration requirements. Here, we report a hierarchical Ba²⁺-exchanged silicoaluminophosphate (Ba²⁺-CSAPO-34) composite synthesized via confined-space crystallization within an activated carbon matrix. Comprehensive characterization revealed a confined nucleation mechanism and the successful incorporation of Ba²⁺ active sites within the SAPO-34 framework, achieved via a two-step liquid ion-exchange protocol. The core-shell architecture combines the selective CO₂ binding of Ba²⁺-functionalized SAPO-34 with the hydrophobic protection of the carbon shell. Fixed-bed adsorption tests demonstrated strong CO₂ binding (at 500-2500 ppm), no roll-up, and effective suppression of water affinity, while maintaining high selectivity even at 90% relative humidity. A phenomenological adsorption model, validated against dynamic breakthrough data, accurately predicted dynamic adsorption behavior under real-world operating conditions, enabling rational process design for direct air capture (DAC) and closed-loop life support systems. Furthermore, these results establish Ba²⁺-CSAPO-34 as a scalable, moisture-resistant adsorbent that addresses key limitations in trace CO₂ capture, advancing practical implementation of carbon removal technologies.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2022

Assessment of Wind Energy Resource Potential for Future Human Missions to Mars

Energy sustainability and redundancy for surface habitats, life support systems and scientific instrumentation represent one of the highest-priority issues for future crewed missions to Mars. However, power sources utilized for the current class of robotic missions to Mars may be potentially dangerous near human surface habitats (for example, nuclear) or lack stability on diurnal or seasonal timescales (for example, solar) that cannot be easily compensated for by power storage. Here, we evaluate the power potential for wind turbines as an alternative energy resource on the Mars surface. Using a state-of-the-art Mars global climate model, we analyse the total planetary Martian wind potential and calculate its spatial and temporal variability. We find that wind speeds at some proposed landing sites are sufficiently fast to provide a stand-alone or complementary energy source to solar or nuclear power. While several regions show promising wind energy resource potential, other regions of scientific interest can be discarded based on the natural solar and wind energy potential alone. We demonstrate that wind energy compensates for diurnal and seasonal reductions in solar power particularly in regions of scientific merit in the midlatitudes and during regional dust storms. Critically, proposed turbines stabilize power production when combined with solar arrays, increasing the percent time that power exceeds estimated mission requirements from ~40% for solar arrays alone to greater than 60-90% across a broad fraction of the Mars surface. We encourage additional study aimed at advancing wind turbine technology to operate efficiently under Mars conditions and to extract more power from Mars winds.

atmospheric dynamics↗
DOE OSTI2017

Life cycle inventory and mass-balance of municipal food waste management systems: Decision support methods beyond the waste hierarchy

Highlights: • Life cycle inventory of 7 food waste management and treatment systems considered. • Energy balance notably different to a systems energy generation. • Food in-sink maceration shown to have volatiles reduced by 31% before digestion. • Mass-balance identifies recycling efficiency and product utility. • Increased landfill diversion confirmed to be critical for a lower emissions profile. - Abstract: When assessing the environmental and human health impact of a municipal food waste (FW) management system waste managers typically rely on the principles of the waste hierarchy; using metrics such as the mass or rate of waste that is ‘prepared for recycling,’ ‘recovered for energy,’ or ‘sent to landfill.’ These metrics measure the collection and sorting efficiency of a waste system but are incapable of determining the efficiency of a system to turn waste into a valuable resource. In this study a life cycle approach was employed using a system boundary that includes the entire waste service provision from collection to safe end-use or disposal. A life cycle inventory of seven waste management systems was calculated, including the first service wide inventory of FW management through kitchen in-sink disposal (food waste disposer). Results describe the mass, energy and water balance of each system along with key emissions profile. It was demonstrated that the energy balance can differ significantly from its’ energy generation, exemplified by mechanical biological treatment, which was the best system for generating energy from waste but only 5{sup th} best for net-energy generation. Furthermore, the energy balance of kitchen in-sink disposal was shown to be reduced because 31% of volatile solids were lost in pre-treatment. The study also confirmed that higher FW landfill diversion rates were critical for reducing many harmful emissions to air and water. Although, mass-balance analysis showed that the alternative end-use of the FW material may still contain high impact pollutants.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2017

Urban Nexus Science for Future Cities: Focus on the Energy-Water-Food-X Nexus

Rapid urban expansion of the world's cities is placing unprecedented demands on the energy, water, food, and other (X) systems (e.g., mobility) that each offer multiple life-supporting services. Coordination that considers inter-sectoral connections among these urban systems and services remains nascent in practice, yet are critical to the future well-being, resource/operational efficiency, and resilience of urban areas. This paper therefore proposes an applied 'urban nexus science' framework to identify integrated and synergistic pathways toward achieving urban sustainability. The design, planning, and operation of urban W-E-F systems can benefit from integrated analyses to accelerate infrastructure, land use, and hazard mitigation planning and decision-making. New knowledge quantifying the key effects of W-E-F systems designed in isolation versus an increasingly integrated systems, especially when exposed to hazards, health risks, or extreme events, are a critical need. Interactive system modeling and participatory technologies are needed to support stakeholder engagement and two-way (and multi-directional) information flow, for exploring outcomes of alternative solutions for integrating W-E-F sectors. To support such important efforts, research is needed to fill critical gaps in data, identify tradeoffs, and develop synergistic solutions that measure sustainability co-benefits based on different levels of urban integration among W-E-F systems and services.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2026

Extending Component Lifetime And Improving Inverter Reliability (ECLAIIR)

Inverter reliability remains one of the most persistent challenges limiting the performance, availability, and economic viability of utility‑scale photovoltaic (PV) plants. Industry data consistently show that inverters account for the highest share of corrective maintenance events and unplanned outages across PV fleets. These failures result in energy losses, increased O&M costs, and reduced confidence in long‑term solar asset performance. Motivated by these challenges, this project—Extending Component Lifetime and Improving Inverter Reliability (ECLAIIR)—was undertaken to systematically investigate inverter degradation and failure mechanisms, develop predictive maintenance capabilities, and establish data‑driven pathways to improve service life and reduce the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) for large‑scale PV systems. The primary goal of the project was to identify pre‑failure signatures in string inverters using both lab‑based accelerated lifetime testing and field‑based data and to develop predictive maintenance algorithms that can anticipate inverter faults before they occur. Through collaboration with inverter testing laboratory, solar PV plant owner, and failure‑analysis experts, the project advanced the technical understanding of inverter reliability. By instrumenting inverters with thermistors, humidity sensors, power‑quality meters, and acoustic sensors, the research established how multiple sensing modalities can reliably detect deviations from normal behavior hours to days before failure. These findings substantially enhance scientific understanding of inverter failure kinetics and provide the PV industry with the most comprehensive cross‑OEM characterization of early‑stage failure indicators reported to date. Technically, the project demonstrated the effectiveness of predictive maintenance by developing and validating the PreDICT (Predictive Diagnostics of PV Inverters Using Condition Monitoring and Trend Analysis) framework—a multi‑layer diagnostic architecture combining peer‑to‑peer analytics, historical trend modeling, and advanced machine‑learning techniques such as the Sequential Conditional Variational Autoencoder (SCVAE). This predictive model achieved more than 90% accuracy in detecting pre‑failure conditions and provided up to four days of lead time before inverter failure in field scenarios. Economically, the project’s LCOE analysis showed that predictive maintenance can reduce lifetime energy losses and minimize corrective maintenance interventions. Modeling indicated that, depending on inverter failure rates and replacement timelines, predictive maintenance can significantly reduce LCOE impacts associated with inverter downtime: from as high as 19.4% under conventional maintenance strategies to 0.1%–10.17% when predictive analytics are adopted. These results confirm that predictive maintenance is both technically feasible and economically advantageous for utilities and plant operators. The project’s findings also have broad public benefit. By improving inverter reliability and reducing downtime, predictive maintenance directly increases electricity generation from existing PV assets. Enhanced reliability lowers operational costs for utilities, which can translate over time into lower energy costs for consumers. Furthermore, the project’s technical publications, conference presentations, and industry workshops ensure that knowledge gained is shared broadly across the solar industry, supporting workforce development and enabling utilities of all sizes to adopt modern asset‑health monitoring practices. The retrofitting case study and service‑life prediction framework further support informed decision‑making for aging PV fleets, helping operators extend system life and reduce electronic waste. In summary, the ECLAIIR project significantly advanced the state of knowledge on inverter degradation, demonstrated the technical and economic value of predictive maintenance, and delivered actionable tools and insights that support more reliable, cost‑effective, and sustainable PV plant operation. The outcomes of this project will continue to inform utility practices, guide inverter design improvements, and strengthen the long‑term performance of solar assets nationwide.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Human Readiness Levels Explained

The Human Readiness Level scale complements and supplements the existing technology readiness level scale to support comprehensive and systematic evaluation of human system aspects throughout a system’s life cycle. The objective is to ensure humans can use a fielded technology or system as intended to support mission operations safely and effectively. This article defines the nine human readiness levels in the scale, explains their meaning, and illustrates their application using a helmet-mounted display example.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2026

Green Methanol via an Integrated Direct Air Capture, CO 2 Electrolyzer, and Hydrogenation Reactor

This project pioneered a groundbreaking reactor design to produce green methanol by harnessing the electrochemical CO 2 reduction reaction (eCO 2 RR), a cornerstone of power-to-fuels technology. The effort integrated three innovative technologies to achieve carbon-neutral methanol production at a target cost of under $\$$800/ton: 1. Direct Air Capture (DAC): Using a cutting-edge sorbent material developed at Holocene, scalable models were developed to integrate captured atmospheric CO₂ into the reactor system. 2. Intermediate-Temperature CO 2 Electrolyzer: Developed by the University of Tennessee (UTK), this electrolyzer utilizes a cost-effective, proton-conducting solid acid electrolyte (CsH 2 PO 4 , CDP) and a mixed-metal oxide cathode. It achieves high faradaic efficiencies (>98%) by effectively suppressing hydrogen evolution at high current densities, converting CO 2 to CO with remarkable selectivity. 3. Catalysis and Reactor Engineering: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) contributed world-class expertise in heterogeneous catalysis and reactor design. Their advanced ASPEN modeling drove systems integration and supported techno-economic and life cycle analyses. This effort was further bolstered by partnerships with industry leaders Air Company and Plug Power, who provided critical guidance on scaling, systems engineering, and the integration of water electrolyzers into large-scale operations. During Phase 1, the team focused on modeling and validating a lab-scale reactor demonstrating the feasibility of the integrated approach. Key accomplishments include a 52% increase in current density at 0.8 V while maintaining >98% CO faradaic efficiency, successful 10× scale-up of the electrolyzer with performance within 5% of coin-cell results, best-in-class durability (168-hour test at 0.6 V with 0.14 mA/cm 2 -h degradation), validated TEA confirming the $\$$800/ton methanol target, and completed preliminary LCA showing potential for net-negative GHG emissions under renewable energy scenarios.

10 SYNTHETIC FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Microbial Tracking-2, a metagenomics analysis of bacteria and fungi onboard the International Space Station

The International Space Station (ISS) is a unique and complex built environment with the ISS surface microbiome originating from crew and cargo or from life support recirculation in an almost entirely closed system. The Microbial Tracking 1 (MT-1) project was the first ISS environmental surface study to report on the metagenome profiles without using whole-genome amplification. The study surveyed the microbial communities from eight surfaces over a 14-month period. The Microbial Tracking 2 (MT-2) project aimed to continue the work of MT-1, sampling an additional four flights from the same locations, over another 14 months. Eight surfaces across the ISS were sampled with sterile wipes and processed upon return to Earth. DNA extracted from the processed samples (and controls) were treated with propidium monoazide (PMA) to detect intact/viable cells or left untreated and to detect the total DNA population (free DNA/compromised cells/intact cells/viable cells). DNA extracted from PMA-treated and untreated samples were analyzed using shotgun metagenomics. Samples were cultured for bacteria and fungi to supplement the above results. Staphylococcus sp. and Malassezia sp. were the most represented bacterial and fungal species, respectively, on the ISS. Overall, the ISS surface microbiome was dominated by organisms associated with the human skin. Multi-dimensional scaling and differential abundance analysis showed significant temporal changes in the microbial population but no spatial differences. The ISS antimicrobial resistance gene profiles were however more stable over time, with no differences over the 5-year span of the MT-1 and MT-2 studies. Twenty-nine antimicrobial resistance genes were detected across all samples, with macrolide/lincosamide/streptogramin resistance being the most widespread. Metagenomic assembled genomes were reconstructed from the dataset, resulting in 82 MAGs. Functional assessment of the collective MAGs showed a propensity for amino acid utilization over carbohydrate metabolism. Co-occurrence analyses showed strong associations between bacterial and fungal genera. Culture analysis showed the microbial load to be on average 3.0 × 10 5 cfu/m 2 . Utilizing various metagenomics analyses and culture methods, we provided a comprehensive analysis of the ISS surface microbiome, showing microbial burden, bacterial and fungal species prevalence, changes in the microbiome, and resistome over time and space, as well as the functional capabilities and microbial interactions of this unique built microbiome. Data from this study may help to inform policies for future space missions to ensure an ISS surface microbiome that promotes astronaut health and spacecraft integrity.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2019

Prototype Ceramic HEPA Filter Testing and Filter Media Research and Development for Nuclear Facility Ventilation

This is a brief summary of recent and past Ceramic HEPA Filter research and development activities under an NNSA NSR&D funded project and describes on-going plans for FY19 work as presently planned. Prior work has evaluated concepts for a ceramic HEPA filter including ceramic support materials, filter media including electrospun filter media, and metal housing designs to accommodate the conservative temperature performance target of up to 500°C. This has been supported by modelling efforts discussed with nuclear facility system engineers and their management. The temperature and time-attemperature are based on conservative, bounding temperatures from fire analysis presented as an EFCOG best practice paper for nuclear facility safety analysis. The overall goal is to improve safety of DOE nuclear facilities during fire scenarios by developing improved filtration technology including increasing temperature performance while maintaining acceptable filter pressure drop. Ceramic filtration technology can provide robust, passive mitigation against radiological releases. The goal of the ceramic HEPA filter is to provide a HEPA filter that provides increased temperature performance in an equivalent form factor (size and shape) that is similar to existing conventional HEPA filters used in facilities. Once development is complete and qualified for use in facilities, ceramic HEPA filters could simplify and reduce safety and support system costs, as well as lower life-cycle costs. Installation, monitoring, and maintenance of active fire suppression systems, as well as other related systems, are a considerable on-going cost to nuclear facilities. Reducing the level of dependence on Safety Class and Safety Significant fire alarm and fire suppression systems could allow significant cost savings. At present we are continuing research and development efforts towards the goal of a ceramic filter design, including improved ceramic filter media, that could reduce total operation cost for facilities utilizing HEPA filters.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2019

Prototype Ceramic HEPA Filter Testing and Filter Media Research and Development for Nuclear Facility Ventilation

This is a brief summary of recent and past Ceramic HEPA Filter research and development activities under an NNSA NSR&D funded project and describes on-going plans for FY19 work as presently planned. Prior work has evaluated concepts for a ceramic HEPA filter including ceramic support materials, filter media including electrospun filter media, and metal housing designs to accommodate the conservative temperature performance target of up to 500°C. This has been supported by modelling efforts discussed with nuclear facility system engineers and their management. The temperature and time-at-temperature are based on conservative, bounding temperatures from fire analysis presented as an EFCOG best practice paper for nuclear facility safety analysis. The overall goal is to improve safety of DOE nuclear facilities during fire scenarios by developing improved filtration technology including increasing temperature performance while maintaining acceptable filter pressure drop. Ceramic filtration technology can provide robust, passive mitigation against radiological releases. The goal of the ceramic HEPA filter is to provide a HEPA filter that provides increased temperature performance in an equivalent form factor (size and shape) that is similar to existing conventional HEPA filters used in facilities. Once development is complete and qualified for use in facilities, ceramic HEPA filters could simplify and reduce safety and support system costs, as well as lower life-cycle costs. Installation, monitoring, and maintenance of active fire suppression systems, as well as other related systems, are a considerable on-going cost to nuclear facilities. Reducing the level of dependence on Safety Class and Safety Significant fire alarm and fire suppression systems could allow significant cost savings, while maintaining safety. At present we are continuing research and development efforts towards the goal of a ceramic filter design, including improved ceramic filter media, that could reduce total operation cost for facilities utilizing HEPA filters.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Radiation Effects on Line Heat Detection Cable AP Hot Cells Fire Detection at Brookhaven National Laboratory

Hot cells are used to safely shield workers from high radiation environments while allowing a process to take place within the cell's shielded enclosure, often with the assistance of remote manipulators. The interior of a cell may not be accessible by personnel for years at a time, either due to the lingering radiation environment or due to the constant use of these specialized pieces of equipment. High radiation levels are known to cause undesirable effects and changes to different materials in varying degrees. Selecting equipment for a radiation environment requires an evaluation of materials used (preferably completed assembles), to ensure all interactions of materials are known and ensure that the equipment will have a high degree of reliability and functionality over the intended life of the facility. Hot cells contain systems to support the primary purpose of the enclosure. Fire detection is one such support system. Safety of hot cell operations often establish limits on the amounts of combustibles with the cells, but the presence of some combustible materials is unavoidable. Fire detection is provided to quickly detect a fire and summon manual intervention before damage is too great. Detection may also be used to initiate fire suppression systems. As a safety system, fire detection needs to remain functional to protect the facility throughout the facility's life. Equally important is that the false alarms from the fire detection are minimized to retain confidence in the alarm system and avoid unnecessary interruptions in the hot cell operations. There are many types of fire detection available with various pros and cons. Not all types of fire detection are suited for hot cell application.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Prototype Ceramic High Efficiency Particulate Air Filter Testing and Filter Media Development for Nuclear Facility Ventilation

This report summarizes recent and past related Ceramic HEPA Filter activity for this NNSA NSR&D project and on-going plans for FY18 and FY19 work as presently planned. Prior work has evaluated concepts for a ceramic HEPA filter including ceramic support materials, filter media including electrospun filter media, and metal housing designs to accommodate the conservative temperature performance target of up to 500°C. This has been supported by modelling efforts discussed with nuclear facility system engineers and their management. The temperature and time-at-temperature are based on conservative, bounding temperatures from fire analysis presented as a draft EFCOG best practice paper for nuclear facility safety analysis. The overall goal is to improve safety of DOE nuclear facilities during fire scenarios by developing improved filtration technology including increasing performance while reducing pressure drop. Ceramic filtration technology can provide robust, passive mitigation against radiological releases. The goal of the ceramic HEPA filter is to provide a robust HEPA filter that provides increased temperature performance in an equivalent form factor (size and shape) that is similar to existing conventional HEPA filters used in facilities. Once qualified for use in facilities, the benefit of a ceramic HEPA filters could simplify and reduce safety and support system costs, as well as considerably lower life-cycle costs. Installation, monitoring, and maintenance of active fire suppression systems, as well as other related systems, are a considerable on-going cost to nuclear facilities. Reducing the level of dependence on Safety Class and Safety Significant fire alarm and fire suppression systems could allow significant cost savings. At present we are continuing research and development efforts towards the goal of a ceramic filter design, including improved ceramic filter media, that could reduce total operation cost for facilities utilizing HEPA filters.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2022

Upgrade of Gamma Spectrometry Systems for ORNL TRISO Fuel PIE

Gamma spectrometry is a key element in much of the post-irradiation examination (PIE) work performed under the Advanced Gas Reactor Fuel Development and Qualification (AGR) Program (Demkowicz et al. 2015; Stempien et al. 2021). Gamma spectrometers are integrated into three major capabilities used at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Irradiated Fuels Examination Laboratory (IFEL) for PIE of tristructural-isotropic (TRISO) coated particles and fuel compacts: the Core Conduction Cooldown Test Facility (CCCTF), the Vertical Counting System (VCS), and the Irradiated Microsphere Gamma Analyzer (IMGA). The CCCTF includes liquid-nitrogen-cooled traps to extract 85 Kr out of the He sweep gas that passes through the furnace in which the fuel compacts are heated during safety testing. Analysis of the 85 Kr activity in the traps is the primary indicator for TRISO failure during safety testing. The VCS is a system used to accurately measure gamma emission from components placed in a lead-shielded chamber. It is used to count the CCCTF deposition cups after removal from furnace. Each cup resides in the CCCTF furnace for typically 12–24 h and is periodically replaced with a fresh cup throughout the safety test. Metallic fission products collect on the water-cooled cups and several gamma-emitting isotopes ( 110 mAg, 134 Cs, 137 Cs, 154 Eu, and 155 Eu) are often measured and provide indication of the retention performance of the TRISO coatings. The VCS is also used to measure the presence of these isotopes on the CCCTF tantalum liner and sweep gas inlet tube for the determination of cup collection efficiency, as well as support other gamma spectrometry needs related to calibration of the 85 Kr fission gas traps and various other special PIE tasks. The IMGA uses gamma spectrometry to measure the inventory of gamma-emitting isotopes in individual TRISO particles. An automated particle handling system within the IMGA hot cell removes each particle from a source vial and positions it in front of a gamma detector, and output from the gamma spectrometer is used by the IMGA software to determine a destination vial such that particles are sorted according to their inventory and retention characteristics. At the conclusion of the AGR-1 and AGR-2 PIE campaigns, the gamma spectrometer systems used at ORNL to support that PIE had reached the end of its life cycle due to gradual obsolescence of the hardware and software. Upgrade of the Canberra Genie 2000 software used by these systems to a Windows 10 version was not a viable option, because the newest Windows 10 version offered by Mirion (the new owner of the Canberra technology) did not include the dynamic-link libraries (DLLs) needed for integration with the custom PIE software used with the CCCTF and IMGA, and Mirion had no current plans for development and release of Windows 10 versions of these DLLs with the Model S560 Genie 2000 Programming Library. Ultimately a switch was made to ORTEC gamma spectrometry systems, which appeared to be a more sustainable solution due to more proactive vendor support. The ORTEC conversion involved replacing the aging detector preamplifier and multichannel analyzer (MCA) hardware, upgrading the obsolete Windows 7 computers to Windows 10 compatible models, adopting ORTEC GammaVision software, and extensive modification of the ORNL-developed Visual Basic .NET (VB.NET) programs that provide the CCCTF and IMGA user interfaces.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2019

Innovative Hot Lab Concept for Advanced D and D Application - 19175

Hot Labs are used in the nuclear industry for various purposes: maintenance of nuclear reactor, sampling and testing of fuel, inspection activities and decommissioning. Despite their vast use, their current designs and operations do not meet entirely today's needs and requirements of the operations nor tomorrow's. This paper will give an overview of the research and investigations performed around Hot Cells design and concept in order to integrate new operability modes and functions. The overall idea is to bring modularity, flexibility and adaptability to the Hot Lab nuclear industry. Taking the key principles of Model Based System Engineering, an interoperable data model, the most advanced digital technologies (Building Information Modelling - BIM, Virtual Reality / Augmented Reality, Artificial Intelligence), and looking at all the life-cycle of such a facility, a concept design of a new type of Hot Lab has been developed. Four mains aspects are implemented during this study: Implement the principles of the Industry 4.0; use modular and flexible solutions; explore the concept of in service maintenance and predictive maintenance; optimise the decommissioning and dismantling process by taking into account the entire life-cycle of the facility. The design was developed as a case study taking several assumptions to adapt to any project. The design developed demonstrates that modularity and flexibility can be brought in without compromising the core safety functions of such a facility. This Hot Lab concept brings the current Hot Lab to the next level as the design has been adapted to meet the current operational needs, implement novel ideas and consider its entire life-cycle. This paper will demonstrate how decommissioning and dismantling operations can become more efficient and safer with such a concept. In addition, the Model Based System Engineering approach used from the beginning of the design phase allows to have an optimum architecture during its entire lifetime. It also allowed to flag new topics to be further developed for the benefit of the nuclear industry as a whole. A first example would be the development of the Control System using digital tools and artificial intelligence to run remotely controlled equipment inside the Hot Lab. Assystem is an international engineering group. As a key participant in the nuclear industry for over 50 years, the Group supports its clients in managing their capital expenditure throughout their asset life-cycles. Assystem can offer support in project management, design, digital engineering, industrial control systems, security and safety and industrial digitalisation. Assystem's Imagine program is an internal program intending to serve as an incubator for the development of innovations. The Innovative Hot Lab project integrates one of the four innovation projects Assystem choose to develop and invest in. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗