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Results for “Spatial profiles of optical beams”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

Effect of the pump beam profile and wavefront on the amplified signal wavefront in optical parametric amplifiers

We present a theoretical and experimental analysis of the signal phase introduced by the pump-beam wavefront and spatial profile during optical parametric amplification (OPA) process. The theory predicts the appearance of an additional wavefront in the amplified signal beam that is proportional to the spatial derivative of the pump-beam wavefront. The effect of the pump-beam profile on the signal-beam wavefront is also investigated. Our experiments tested these theoretical predictions by comparing the wavefront of the signal beam before and after amplification in a multi-joule broadband OPA. The measured signal wavefront was shown to have the expected dependence on the pump-beam profile and wavefront. These results can be considered when designing petawatt-scale ultrabroadband optical parametric chirped-pulse–amplification systems.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Tunable Plasma Linearizer for Compensation of Nonlinear Energy Chirp

The removal of undesired nonlinear time-energy correlation (energy chirp) present in relativistic electron beams is crucial for many accelerator-based scientific applications, such as free-electron lasers, high-energy electron radiography, and MeV ultrafast electron microscopy. Here, we propose and demonstrate that a low-density plasma section can be used as a passive “linearizer” to significantly compensate for the nonlinear energy chirp imprinted on a beam by the curvature of the radio-frequency field in a conventional accelerator. Physically, the passage of the beam through the plasma excites a strong quasi-cosinoidal longitudinal decelerating wakefield that acts to mitigate the beam’s nonlinear energy chirp by superimposing a reverse chirp on the beam. Time-resolved phase-space measurements, combined with high-fidelity three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations show that the longitudinal phase space of the beam core is almost completely linearized, leading to a fourfold reduction of the beam overall energy spread from 0.148% to 0.036% (FWHM).

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Exact solutions for the electromagnetic fields of a flying focus

The intensity peak of a “flying” focus travels at a programmable velocity over many Rayleigh ranges while maintaining a near-constant profile. Assessing the extent to which these features can enhance laser-based applications requires an accurate description of the electromagnetic fields. Here we present exact analytical solutions to Maxwell’s equations for the electromagnetic fields of a constant-velocity flying focus, generalized for arbitrary polarization and orbital angular momentum. Furthermore, the approach combines the complex source-point method, which transforms multipole solutions into beam-like solutions, with the Lorentz invariance of Maxwell’s equations. Propagating the fields backward in space reveals the space-time profile that an optical assembly must produce to realize these fields in the laboratory. Comparisons with simpler paraxial solutions provide conditions for their reliable use when modeling a flying focus.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Propagation of partially spatially coherent laser beams in instantaneous Kerr media

The propagation of intense, partially spatially coherent laser beams in a medium with instantaneous third-order susceptibility is studied analytically and numerically. For sufficiently high power relative to that required for nonlinear self-focusing, the propagation initially proceeds in two stages. In the first stage, spatial coherence builds up, and in the second stage, the number of speckles reduces. Once the degree of coherence is sufficiently high, whole-beam self-focusing occurs. The beam power is mostly confined within the initial spot radius. Two analytical approaches for describing the evolution of the beam are presented. The method of moments leads to an analytical solution for the rms spot radius that is in excellent agreement with simulations. This method does not require any knowledge of the field statistics beyond the initial conditions and provides no information about the evolution of the individual speckles. The other approach employs a self-similar solution for the second-order coherence function of the field and assumes that the fourth-order coherence function is factorizable and obeys complex circular Gaussian random statistics. The latter method also leads to an analytical expression for the spot radius, but its predictions for the qualitative evolution of the speckles disagree with wave-optics simulations.

lasers↗
DOE OSTI2023

Quantum Enhanced Tracker (Final Report)

A new concept of charged particle detector, called Quantum Enhanced Tracker (QET) is proposed and intended for optical imaging of charged particle tracks. We present a quantum-based detection method for reconstructing the spatial profile of an electron beam by passing it through a dilute vapor of rubidium atoms. The perturbation of the atomic spin’s quantum state by the electron beam’s magnetic field is detected via nonlinear magneto-optical polarization rotation. Consequently, the electron beam’s position, size and current density can be measured, and its transverse profile reconstructed by analyzing the polarization rotation of a transverse probe laser. This method was experimentally studied using e-beams with currents ranging from 1 to 200 μA and energies between 10 to 20 keV. The results show that this approach is sensitive to the e-beam current and independent of e-beam energy. This technique provides a potentially 3-D capable approach for non-invasive characterization and monitoring of charged particles used in accelerators and nuclear physics research.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2024

A prototype scintillator real‐time beam monitor for ultra‐high dose rate radiotherapy

Background: FLASH Radiotherapy (RT) is an emergent cancer RT modality where an entire therapeutic dose is delivered at more than 1000 times higher dose rate than conventional RT. For clinical trials to be conducted safely, a precise and fast beam monitor that can generate out-of-tolerance beam interrupts is required. This paper describes the overall concept and provides results from a prototype ultra-fast, scintillator-based beam monitor for both proton and electron beam FLASH applications. Purpose: A FLASH Beam Scintillator Monitor (FBSM) is being developed that employs a novel proprietary scintillator material. The FBSM has capabilities that conventional RT detector technologies are unable to simultaneously provide: (1) large area coverage; (2) a low mass profile; (3) a linear response over a broad dynamic range; (4) radiation hardness; (5) real-time analysis to provide an IEC-compliant fast beam-interrupt signal based on true two-dimensional beam imaging, radiation dosimetry and excellent spatial resolution. Methods: The FBSM uses a proprietary low mass, less than 0.5 mm water equivalent, non-hygroscopic, radiation tolerant scintillator material (designated HM: hybrid material) that is viewed by high frame rate CMOS cameras. Folded optics using mirrors enable a thin monitor profile of ∼10 cm. A field programmable gate array (FPGA) data acquisition system generates real-time analysis on a time scale appropriate to the FLASH RT beam modality: 100–1000 Hz for pulsed electrons and 10–20 kHz for quasi-continuous scanning proton pencil beams. An ion beam monitor served as the initial development platform for this work and was tested in low energy heavy-ion beams ( 86 Kr +26 and protons). A prototype FBSM was fabricated and then tested in various radiation beams that included FLASH level dose per pulse electron beams, and a hospital RT clinic with electron beams. Results: Results presented in this report include image quality, response linearity, radiation hardness, spatial resolution, and real-time data processing. Furthermore, the HM scintillator was found to be highly radiation damage resistant. It exhibited a small 0.025%/kGy signal decrease from a 216 kGy cumulative dose resulting from continuous exposure for 15 min at a FLASH compatible dose rate of 237 Gy/s. Measurements of the signal amplitude versus beam fluence demonstrate linear response of the FBSM at FLASH compatible dose rates of >40 Gy/s. Comparison with commercial Gafchromic film indicates that the FBSM produces a high resolution 2D beam image and can reproduce a nearly identical beam profile, including primary beam tails. The spatial resolution was measured at 35–40 µm. Tests of the firmware beta version show successful operation at 20 000 Hz frame rate or 50 µs/frame, where the real-time analysis of the beam parameters is achieved in less than 1 µs. Conclusions: The FBSM is designed to provide real-time beam profile monitoring over a large active area without significantly degrading the beam quality. A prototype device has been staged in particle beams at currents of single particles up to FLASH level dose rates, using both continuous ion beams and pulsed electron beams. Using a novel scintillator, beam profiling has been demonstrated for currents extending from single particles to 10 nA currents. Radiation damage is minimal and even under FLASH conditions would require ≥50 kGy of accumulated exposure in a single spot to result in a 1% decrease in signal output. Beam imaging is comparable to radiochromic films, and provides immediate images without hours of processing. Real-time data processing, taking less than 50 µs (combined data transfer and analysis times), has been implemented in firmware for 20 kHz frame rates for continuous proton beams.

2D beam imaging↗
DOE OSTI2025

Reconstruction of 2D line-integrated electron density using angular filter refractometry and a fast marching Eikonal solver

Refraction of an optical probe beam by a plasma can be measured with angular filter refractometry (AFR), which produces an image of the beam’s 2D spatial profile that contains intensity contours corresponding to curves of constant refraction angle. Further analysis is required to reconstruct the underlying line-integrated electron density. Most prior efforts to calculate density from AFR data have been limited to 1D analysis or forward-fitting techniques. Here, in this paper, we detail the use of a fast-marching Eikonal solver to directly invert AFR data and obtain the full 2D line-integrated electron density. The analysis method is first verified with synthetic data and then applied to experimental measurements of single and colliding plasma plumes collected at the OMEGA EP Laser Facility. The calculated densities agree with 1D results and are shown to be consistent with the original AFR measurements via forward modeling. We also discuss ways to improve the precision of this technique.

McCluskey, B. [Princeton Univ., NJ (United States)↗
DOE OSTI2024

High-throughput homogenization of a quasi-Gaussian ultrafast laser beam using a combined refractive beam shaper and spatial light modulator

Efficiently shaping femtosecond, transverse Gaussian laser beams to flat-top beams with flat wavefronts is critical for large-scale material processing and manufacturing. Existing beam shaping devices fall short either in final beam homogeneity or efficiency. Here, we present an approach that uses refractive optics to perform the majority of the beam shaping and then uses a fine-tune device (spatial light modulator) to refine the intensity profile. For the beam that we selected, circularly asymmetric with intensity fluctuations, our method achieved a uniformity of 0.055 within 90% of the beam area at 92% efficiency. The optimization involved an iterative beam shaping process that converged to optimum within 10 iterations.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Spatio-temporally shaped deep UV laser source for ultrabright photocathodes using novel upconversion techniques (Final Report)

The goal of this project was to take a VUV laser system designed by Kapteyn-Murnane Labs (KMLabs)—the Hyperion VUV, and increase its functionality, efficiency, and applicability by further probing the fundamental physics taking place in the system and optimizing the system performance. More specifically, DOE accelerator applications—particularly for XFELs that require low-emittance electron beams, require precisely controlled ultrashort pulses in the deep-UV at 250-260 nm to drive the photocathode electron source. This is conventionally done using an ultrafast infrared laser, with subsequent stages of nonlinear upconversion in solid-state nonlinear-optical crystal media (principally BBO, which is commonly used for UV upconversion). However, maintaining high spatial mode beam quality, as well as precisely controlled temporal profile, has proven a persistent challenge. As a possible alternative to this approach, KMLabs has demonstrated a system that generates vacuum ultraviolet light (VUV) by upconverting pulses from an infrared ultrafast laser in a gas-filled hollow waveguide, driving a process of highly cascaded harmonic generation (HCHG). Because HCHG upconversion is done in a gas, rather than a solid, at high intensity in a guided-wave geometry, it retains an excellent beam spatial profile as well as a large spectral bandwidth that allows for control over the temperal structure of the pulse. A challenge, however, is in energy scaling of this HCHG technique to the ~1-20 μJ pulses required for photocathode applications. To-date, the pulse energies used in published HCHG work are sub-10-nJ. This project proposed to explore ways to generate higher-energy pulses using HCHG, as well as to investigate spectral and temporal shaping of the deep UV pulses by pulse shaping the infrared laser used to seed the process. Although we showed that our approach works for generating light at 259 nm, the total pulse energy achieved seems limited to approximately the same value as past work. However, the techniques we investigated may well have benefits for extending this source to much shorter wavelength output.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Second harmonic Bessel-Gauss beam shaping with elliptic axicon aberrations

The second harmonic (SH) of an axicon generated Bessel-Gauss beam is created through the nonlinear interaction of photons with a crystal, resulting in the energy doubling of the output photons. In this work, we show experimentally that in addition to frequency doubling, the SH of Bessel-Gauss beams under asymmetric aberrations from an elliptic axicon exhibit intriguing beam formation. Particularly, the central region of the SH beam profile is composed of two central spots of various geometries surrounded by nested ellipses; one of which is the configuration of two central gamma dots with similar radius knotted by nested ellipses for a zeroth-order Bessel-Gauss pump. These SH beams consistently maintain their spatial profile throughout propagation, reminiscing the behavior of screw dislocations in wave patterns. Our numerical simulations produce beam dynamics consistent with that of experiments and further implicate the remarkable interweaving of bright spots with dark vortices. This is especially noticeable when the beams dynamically oscillate along the optical axis, resulting in the genesis of spatially polarized beams with a knotted framework. The insights gained from our study establish a novel paradigm for exploring interactions of Bessel-like beams with vortex dynamics. This, in turn, has the potential to spark innovations in optical applications, fostering new methodologies to harness and manipulate complex light structures. Our experimental findings could spur new methods of generating logical states of light and new opportunities for material processing control. Published by the American Physical Society 2025

Wang, Tianhong (ORCID:0000000169104201)↗
DOE OSTI2020

Development of a Beam Halo Monitor

Muons, Inc. proposed improved Residual-Gas luminescent Beam Profile Monitors for Intense Beams by adding novel features including a mirascope, a light collecting device devised in the 16th century by an inventor of the telescope. A modern mirascope consists of 2 paraboloids. Light generated by the beam is collected by the paraboloids and creates a beam image. By placing a lens near the image it is possible to collect almost 100% of the emitted light, up to ten times better than existing fluorescence profilometers. Intense (multi-MW) proton beams pose a challenge for beam profile measurements. Solid-based beam intercepting instrumentation produces unallowable levels of radiation at these high powers. An alternative is to use a zero-or-low mass device such as a residual-gas profile monitor, either through collection of ionization or fluorescence. Fluorescence has an intrinsic advantage over the usual collection of ionized electrons in that it is not affected by the strong and variable electric and magnetic fields created by the beam that can distort profiles and make calibration difficult. For this reason, we proposed the fluorescence technique using the mirascope and other methods to enhance light collection and versatility by modifying the residual gas and its spatial distribution. In Phase I, we designed a mirascope and its electronics for commissioning and beam tests in a proposed Phase II. The design was based on optical simulations done in Phase I, and a physics run plan was developed for optimizing and testing. The Phase II experimental site and program have been planned and our goal is to produce a universal low cost Mirascope Residual-Gas Luminescent Beam Profile Monitor that can replace all other profile monitors currently used in accelerators.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Carrier-Envelope Phase Control in Terahertz Pulse Generation Using InAs Ribbon Metasurfaces

Generation of broadband terahertz (THz) pulses with variable polarization and carrier-envelope phase can enable the tailoring of THz beam wavefronts for advanced applications in THz imaging and spectroscopy and for strong THz field optics. While metasurfaces composed of deeply subwavelength THz emitters have recently been demonstrated to define the polarization and spatial profile of the generated THz fields, precise phase control or synthesis of THz pulse waveforms remains a challenging problem. Here, we propose and demonstrate metasurfaces composed of indium arsenide (InAs) nanoscale ribbon arrays capable of generating THz pulses with variable carrier-envelope phase. We show that different THz generation mechanisms, each contributing distinct phases, can be activated in the ribbons, enabling carrier-envelope phase control spanning a range of π over a wide band of frequencies (∼1–3 THz). This is achieved solely through the ribbon array geometry using linearly polarized optical excitation of the ribbons. The arrays enable precise control of the THz phase and amplitude, opening the door to advanced structured THz wavefront synthesis using ultrathin dielectric metasurfaces.

carrier-envelope phase↗
DOE OSTI2020

Super-resolution surface slope metrology of x-ray mirrors

We present experimental, analytical, and numerical methods developed for reconstruction (deconvolution) of one-dimensional (1D) surface slope profiles over the spatial frequency range where the raw data are significantly perturbed due to the limited resolution of the measurement instrument. We characterize the spatial resolution properties of a profiler with the instrument's transfer function (ITF). To precisely measure the ITF, we apply a recently developed method utilizing test surfaces with 1D linear chirped height profiles of constant slope amplitude. Based on the results of the ITF calibration, we determine parameters of an analytical model for the ITF that is used in the original reconstruction software. Here, we treat surface slope metrology data obtained with the Optical Surface Measuring System (OSMS), using as a sensor an electronic autocollimator (AC) ELCOMAT-3000. The spatial resolution of the OSMS is limited by the size of the AC light-beam-collimating aperture. For the purposes of this investigation, the OSMS is equipped with a circular aperture with a diameter of 2.5 mm. This is a typical arrangement of most AC-based slope profilers developed for surface slope metrology of state-of-the-art x-ray mirrors. Using the example of surface slope metrology of two state-of-the-art elliptically shaped x-ray focusing mirrors, we demonstrate that the developed data reconstruction procedure allows us to significantly improve the accuracy of surface slope metrology with the OSMS over the spatial wavelength range from ~1.6 mm to 7 mm. Thus, the amplitude of the quasi-periodic error characteristic of the deterministic polishing process used appears to be higher by a factor of~2 than is apparent from the rough metrology data. Underestimation of the surface slope errors in this spatial wavelength range can lead to serious errors in the expected performance of x-ray mirrors in synchrotron beamlines, especially at modern light sources utilizing coherent x rays, where the perturbations can lead to increased speckle-like intensity variation.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2022

Faraday-effect polarimetry for current profile measurement in the tokamak plasma edge

Toroidal current profile measurements in the tokamak plasma edge are critical for fusion plasma physics research and model validation. A three-wave Faraday-effect polarimeter-interferometer with a sub-centimeter spatial resolution is proposed on the DIII-D tokamak to determine the edge current profile via Abel inversion. By using probe beams with 316 µm wavelength, a low-field-side, vertical-view, single-pass optical layout covering the plasma edge region (R = 2.15–2.27 m) is assessed. Measurements with no greater than 0.1° polarimetric systematic uncertainty, no greater than 0.01° polarimetric root-mean-square noise (1 kHz bandwidth), and a 0.8 cm radial chord spacing are considered feasible based on the achieved performance of existing systems using similar wavelengths on fusion devices. Furthermore, synthetic diagnostic calculations taking various factors into account, such as diagnostic uncertainty and quality of magnetic flux surfaces, find that the edge current profile can be determined with up to 0.12 MA/m 2 uncertainty, or about 10% of the peak current density in the pedestal of an investigated high-confinement plasma.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2020

Multi-beam resin curing system and method for whole-volume additive manufacturing

A multi-beam volumetric resin curing system and method for whole-volume additive manufacturing of an object includes a bath containing a photosensitive resin, a light source for producing a light beam, and a spatial light modulator which produces a phase- or intensity-modulated light beam by impressing a phase profile or intensity profile of an image onto a light beam received from the light source. The system and method also include projection optics which then produces multiple sub-image beams from the modulated light beam which are projected to intersect each other in the photosensitive resin to cure select volumetric regions of the resin in a whole-volume three-dimensional pattern representing the object.

Shusteff, Maxim↗
DOE OSTI2023

Multi-beam resin curing system and method for whole-volume additive manufacturing

A multi-beam volumetric resin curing system and method for whole-volume additive manufacturing of an object includes a bath containing a photosensitive resin, a light source for producing a light beam, and a spatial light modulator which produces a phase- or intensity-modulated light beam by impressing a phase profile or intensity profile of an image onto a light beam received from the light source. The system and method also include projection optics which then produces multiple sub-image beams from the modulated light beam which are projected to intersect each other in the photosensitive resin to cure select volumetric regions of the resin in a whole-volume three-dimensional pattern representing the object.

Shusteff, Maxim↗