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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

Effects of Water Vapor on the Reactivity of Aluminosilicates in Vapor-Phase Propanal Aldol Condensation

Aluminosilicate materials have been extensively studied as efficient aldol catalysts for C-C coupling reactions due to their acidic nature, high surface area, thermal stability, and porous structure. This work investigated the impact of water vapor pressure on the catalytic reactivity of aluminosilicates for the aldol condensation of propanal to 2-methyl-2-pentenal (MP). The catalytic performance of amorphous SiO2-Al2O3 (A-Si-Al) and aluminated MCM-41 (Al-MCM-41) for the vapor-phase aldol condensation of propanal was evaluated at 200 degrees C as a function of vapor-phase water content at atmospheric pressure. Our findings demonstrate that co-feeding low water vapor pressures (1-18 kPa) with propanal enhances the rates of MP production at 200 degrees C on A-Si-Al. Conversely, water vapor pressures of 25 kPa result in a decrease in aldol dimer formation rates. The rate of MP production evaluated on Al-MCM-41 also increased in the presence of 5 kPa water compared to anhydrous conditions. Propylamine temperature-programmed desorption analyses revealed an increase in Bronsted acid site density when both catalysts were exposed to water, which likely accounts for the observed enhancement in aldol condensation reactivity under hydrous conditions. Reversibility testing of the water vapor effect under reaction conditions, combined with X-ray diffraction analysis of fresh, spent, and regenerated catalysts, revealed no structural changes in either aluminosilicate upon exposure to water or reaction conditions. The rates of aldol condensation and the impact of water vapor were highly consistent across both materials, suggesting that zeolite crystallinity has minimal influence on the catalytic performance.

acid catalysts↗
DOE OSTI2026

Experimental evaluation of the vapor box divertor concept with an open vapor box module in Magnum-PSI

A promising approach to handle the intense plasma heat flux in the divertor region of a tokamak is the Vapor Box Divertor (VBD). Here plasma-lithium interaction creates a dense lithium vapor cloud which interacts with the incoming plasma, effectively shielding the tungsten surface beneath, therefore preventing overheating and sputtering of the tungsten and increasing the component’s lifetime. Two key steps must be addressed to validate this concept: investigating plasma-Li interactions and the transport mechanism of the latter in the presence of plasma. To explore this, a Vapor Box Module (VBM) has been designed for use with the linear plasma generator Magnum-PSI. The VBM consists of a series of three cylindrical boxes, with Li being evaporated at a controlled temperature in the central box (CB). Divertor-like plasma enters the VBM from an upstream aperture, interacts with the Li vapor cloud and exits through a downstream aperture ultimately impacting a target equipped with a calorimetry system. Optical diagnostics Thomson scattering, Filtered fast camera Imaging and optical emission spectroscopy provided information on plasma parameters in terms of electron density n e , temperature T e and plasma composition before and after this interaction. A significant reduction in plasma power was observed upon the establishment of lithium vaporization determined via cooling water calorimetry and embedded thermocouples at the downstream target. This resulted in a drop of the target temperature from ∼800 °C to ∼350 °C (57%) at the highest applied power (11.1 MW m −2 ) and CB temperature (∼700 °C). Lithium condensation at the side boxes of the VBM in combination with strong plasma momentum transfer effectively prevented upstream migration of lithium, while enhancing Li transport toward the target. The achievement of the two main goals of reducing plasma power and confining the Li in the VBM, are consistent with earlier published preliminary SOLPS-ITER simulations. This study shows that the presence of lithium in a VBD-like configuration can result in a strong reduction of power to the target surface, while at the same time the lithium vapor is effectively confined by the VBM, aided by the incoming plasma, preventing its escape from the VBM geometry. This represents a valuable step toward validating the feasibility of the VBD configuration in future fusion reactors.

Magnum-PSI↗
DOE OSTI2025

Pyrolyzer Assisted Vapor Transport Deposition of Antimony-Doped Cadmium Telluride

In this study, we developed a new method for in situ Sb doping of CdTe thin films combining vapor transport deposition with a Group V pyrolyzer to address Sb doping concentration and doping efficiency. The Sb doped CdSeTe (CdSeTe:Sb) films were deposited in solar cell structures under variations of Sb dopant source heater, vapor pyrolyzer temperature, and Cd vapor excess. Results indicate that although these parameters do not affect the CdTe morphology or crystal structure, they critically influence doping efficiency and trap concentration. Capacitance-voltage measurements show that a higher dopant heater (TD) or pyrolyzer (TP) temperature leads to higher net carrier concentration, achieving a net carrier concentration of 1016 cm-3 and 20% doping efficiency with a TD/TP combination of 600 degrees C/1100 degrees C. By tuning the Cd/Sb flux ratio during CdSeTe:Sb deposition, the lowest defect concentration is achieved at Cd/Sb of 1.4:1, which produced the best VOC CdSeTe:Sb cell. This demonstrates a path to produce high net carrier concentration polycrystalline CdTe thin film with a low concentration of dopant-induced defects.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Vapor phase transport systems for depositing perovskite semiconductors

Vapor phase transport systems and methods of depositing perovskite films are described. In an embodiment, a deposition method includes feeding a perovskite solution or constituent powder to a vaporizer, followed by vaporization and depositing the constituent vapor as a perovskite film. In an embodiment, a deposition system and method includes vaporizing different perovskite precursors in different vaporization zones at different temperatures, followed by mixing the vaporized precursors to form a constituent vapor, and depositing the constituent vapor as a perovskite film.

Bush, Kevin Alexander↗
DOE OSTI2025

Electrolyte Vapor Induced Passivation and Transition Metal Redox on Electrode Active Materials

The gaseous environment that battery electrodes are exposed to is critical to their electrochemical performance, and yet, the impact of vapor-phase components in the glovebox is relatively unexplored. In this study, we examine how the surface of Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 and LiFePO 4 composite electrodes evolve upon exposure to 1 M LiPF 6 in ethylene carbonate:dimethyl carbonate electrolyte vapors in an argon-filled glovebox. Spatially resolved X-ray photoemission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveal that even brief (15 minutes) contact with electrolyte vapor initiates the formation of a LiF film and changes the oxidation state of transition metals at the particle surface. Notably, these modifications occur selectively on active material particles and not on binder or conductive carbon, underscoring the specificity of vapor-induced reactions. Prolonged exposure to electrolyte vapor over the course of 1 week yields thicker, more chemically complex interphases containing both LiF and lithium oxyfluorophosphate species (Li x PO y F z ). Subsequent electrochemical testing shows that vapor-induced passivation layers influence first cycle capacities, lithium (de)insertion overpotentials, and charge-transfer resistance values. In conclusion, these results indicate that vapor–electrode interactions may be a source of variability in electrochemical behavior over time and suggest that other, more reactive electrode materials may also be susceptible to interactions with electrolyte vapor.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Identifying Controlling Variables for Mercury Vapors in Alpha-4 at Y-12: Two Year Data Collection Update

Multiple sensor packages were deployed at Alpha-4 by SRNL, in collaboration with United Cleanup Oak Ridge LLC (UCOR), to monitor mercury vapor concentrations and meteorological parameters. These sensors collected data, inside and outside of the legacy-use facility, for approximately two years. Though data gaps still exist, particularly in colder months, several controlling variables were identified that govern mercury vapor concentrations within Alpha-4. Temperature, barometric pressure gradients, humidity, and wind speed have been identified as controlling variables. A strong positive correlation was seen between mercury vapor concentrations and temperature which generally followed diurnal fluctuations. Temperatures below approximately 10 degrees Celsius did not show any spikes above the PEL, indicating more work can be performed at any time during the winter months – more data should be collected to confirm consistency in this finding. Additionally, spikes in mercury vapor concentrations above that of the permissible exposure limit (PEL; 100 µg/m 3 ) occurred primarily in late afternoon or evening/overnight hours (between 3 PM and 6 AM), which suggests D&D operations might be best scheduled during morning or daytime hours prior to the late afternoon. However, a limited number of spikes did occur outside of the identified window, although this may be attributed to disturbances in air flow and mercury vapor release from work activities performed inside of the Alpha-4 building. The analysis conducted allows for a strong predictive capability for estimating mercury vapor concentrations based upon accurate meteorological parameters. Still, additional data collection, particularly in the winter months, could help to strengthen the predictive power and validate the identified data trends. Further, increased temporal resolution could also help to better characterize the incipient stages of the increases and decreases in the mercury vapor concentration. Continued monitoring support by SRNL at Y-12 is underway at Alpha-4 to further close remaining data gaps and support deactivation and decommissioning work. Within a collaborative effort with UCOR, the SRNL team is collecting mercury vapor data to study the efficacy of a novel mercury suppressant, FerroBlack® which was recently deployed at Alpha-4. In addition, modifications to the current monitoring setup to increase measurement resolution is also being investigated.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2026

Redefining fuel heating value for engines: Accounting for heat of vaporization

Defining a fuel's heating value (i.e., energy content) is fundamental for calculating engine efficiency and for life cycle analysis comparisons between different fuels. Traditional definitions of lower heating value and higher heating value account for the effect of water vapor versus liquid water in the exhaust, which is important when the fuel is used in a furnace or boiler. In an engine, it is equally important to properly account for the energy required to vaporize liquid fuel. Heat of vaporization has a small effect for common hydrocarbon fuels, typically less than 1% of lower heating value, but the effect is much larger for other important fuels such as ethanol (3.4% of lower heating value) and methanol (5.9% of lower heating value). This paper defines a new type of fuel heating value that more accurately reflects the useful fuel energy content for engines. Vaporized heating value is defined as the heating value when starting with a vaporized fuel instead of a liquid fuel. It can be calculated by adding the fuel's heat of vaporization to the traditional lower heating value. This paper illustrates the rationale and benefits of using vaporized heating value using data from the literature.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Sensitivity of magnetohydrodynamic simulations of Joule-heated conductors to the vaporization curve in equations of state

Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of electrically exploded aluminum and copper rods demonstrate a technique to validate equations of state (EOS) for rapidly Joule-heated conductors. The balance of internal and magnetic forces at the conductor-insulator interface drives the metal there along the vaporization phase boundary. Variations between critical points and vaporization curves in existing models predict differing densities and temperatures in MHD simulations for these models. Here, the inclusion of Maxwell constructs in the liquid-vapor biphase region of the EOS caused the rod surface to vaporize earlier in time than unmodified tables with van der Waals loops. Velocimetry of recent experiments is used to validate the location of the vaporization curve in existing EOS models and differentiate between the vapor dome treatments. Dielectric coatings applied to the metal surface restricted the conductor’s expansion and diverted the metal into the warm dense matter regime.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Vapor kinetic energy for the detection and understanding of atmospheric rivers

Poleward water vapor transport in the midlatitudes mainly occurs in meandering filaments of intense water vapor transport, spanning thousands of kilometers long and hundreds of kilometers wide and moving eastward. The water vapor filaments are known as atmospheric rivers (ARs). They can cause extreme wind gusts, intense precipitation, and flooding along densely populated coastal regions. Many recent studies about ARs focused on the statistical analyses of ARs, but a process-level understanding of ARs remains elusive. Here we show that ARs are streams of air with enhanced vapor kinetic energy (VKE) and derive a governing equation for Integrated VKE to understand what contributes to the evolution of ARs. We find that ARs grow mainly because of potential energy conversion to kinetic energy, decay largely owing to condensation and turbulence, and the eastward movement is primarily due to horizontal advection of VKE. Our VKE framework complements the integrated vapor transport framework, which is popular for identifying ARs but lacks a prognostic equation for understanding the physical processes.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Optimization of lithium vapor box divertor evaporator location on NSTX-U using SOLPS-ITER

Commercial fusion reactors will be faced with extremely high divertor target heat fluxes that will require mitigation. Simulations of detachment in an NSTX-U scenario projected to have 92 MW/m 2 unmitigated peak target heat flux are presented, which reaches sub-10 MW/m 2 target heat flux using a highly dissipating lithium vapor box divertor design. The lithium vapor box is a detached divertor design which employs lithium vapor evaporation and condensation to contain lithium below the X-point. Previous SOLPS modeling has indicated a lithium vapor box can reduce the heat flux down to 10 MW/m 2 via simultaneous evaporation from the Private Flux Region (PFR) and the Common Flux Region (CFR) sides of the vapor box. It is found here that PFR evaporation has improved access to the separatrix leading to significantly more efficient power dissipation than CFR evaporation. Simulations of target evaporation with an evaporation distribution that is self-consistent with the temperature of a Capillary Porous System with Fast flowing liquid lithium (CPSF) could reach n Li / n e ~ 0.025-0.030 at the Last Closed Flux Surface (LCFS) depending on the liquid metal flow speeds and lithium sputtering yield, while PFR-side evaporation can reach acceptable heat fluxes with n Li / n e ~ 0.038 at the LCFS. However, PFR evaporator performance can be improved if the target is allowed to be hot enough such that it reflects lithium, reaching n Li / n e ~ 0.028 and reducing required lithium evaporation. Ultimately PFR evaporation and target evaporation are found to have similar ability to produce acceptable heat flux solutions with minimal upstream concentration.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

Polar Bear™ – Innovative Capture of Storage Tank Vapors

Polar Bear™ is a patented technology developed by the Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC) to capture storage tank vapors and eliminate methane emissions from upstream oil- and gas-producing facilities. Sparked by early commercial investment, the EERC licensed the technology and extended the intellectual property to storage tanks. Polar Bear™ is uniquely engineered and adapted to individual lower-producing facilities where there is otherwise no economic alternative for capturing tank vapors. A high number of small producing oil and gas wells are distributed across the country. The aggregate contributes to a significant volume of emissions. Because of the lack of economy of scale, gas volumes from these facilities are typically not recovered and contribute to methane emissions. Polar Bear™ provides a fit-for-purpose compression solution that addresses cost by reducing complexity with respect to conventional vapor recovery units and eliminating oil changes. Unique to Polar Bear™ is the capability to separate oxygenated gas from storage tank vapors. Storage tanks are designed to “breathe,” allowing gas to enter and escape during internal level and temperature changes. This infiltration of air into the tank headspace imparts undesirable oxygen content with respect to pipeline gathering. Polar Bear™ separates the vapor stream, allowing oxygen-rich gas to be used as fuel on-site while recovering the liquids-rich portion of the gas where oxygen content is minimized. A prototype system was tested to verify process models, evaluate operational performance, and advance the technology readiness level from 5 to 6. Results provide a good match between experimental measurements and process models, indicating the models are useful for future scale-up and field design. Various mixtures of nitrogen and liquefied petroleum gas were tested to understand the mass balance of nitrogen and how it relates to the potential control of oxygen content. Findings indicate that less than 2000 ppm of oxygen is likely to remain in the liquid portion of the gas in field applications. The research and development prepare the technology for field implementation to eliminate routine and fugitive methane emissions from storage tanks.

02 PETROLEUM↗
DOE OSTI2024

The annual cycle and sources of relevant aerosol precursor vapors in the central Arctic during the MOSAiC expedition

Abstract. In this study, we present and analyze the first continuous time series of relevant aerosol precursor vapors from the central Arctic (north of 80° N) during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition. These precursor vapors include sulfuric acid (SA), methanesulfonic acid (MSA), and iodic acid (IA). We use FLEXPART simulations, inverse modeling, sulfur dioxide (SO2) mixing ratios, and chlorophyll a (chl a) observations to interpret the seasonal variability in the vapor concentrations and identify dominant sources. Our results show that both natural and anthropogenic sources are relevant for the concentrations of SA in the Arctic, but anthropogenic sources associated with Arctic haze are the most prevalent. MSA concentrations are an order of magnitude higher during polar day than during polar night due to seasonal changes in biological activity. Peak MSA concentrations were observed in May, which corresponds with the timing of the annual peak in chl a concentrations north of 75° N. IA concentrations exhibit two distinct peaks during the year, namely a dominant peak in spring and a secondary peak in autumn, suggesting that seasonal IA concentrations depend on both solar radiation and sea ice conditions. In general, the seasonal cycles of SA, MSA, and IA in the central Arctic Ocean are related to sea ice conditions, and we expect that changes in the Arctic environment will affect the concentrations of these vapors in the future. The magnitude of these changes and the subsequent influence on aerosol processes remains uncertain, highlighting the need for continued observations of these precursor vapors in the Arctic.

Boyer, Matthew↗
DOE OSTI2024

Moisture Performance of Unvented Attics With Vapor Diffusion Ports and Buried Ducts in Hot, Humid Climates

Energy efficiency measures, such as cool roofs, radiant barriers, interior radiative control coatings, and buried ducts are increasing in popularity and are promoted by energy codes because of their energy-saving potential. However, these strategies can also pose moisture risks in attics by lowering surface temperatures and increasing condensation potential and moisture accumulation. Of particular concern in hot-humid climates is dripping condensation on cold air-conditioning ductwork in the summer - commonly referred to as duct "sweating" - which threatens the attic floor with conditions conducive to mold growth and rot. One strategy to mitigate these moisture issues is to wrap ductwork in thicker duct-wrap insulation with an integrated exterior vapor barrier, but thick duct wrap can be difficult to come by, expensive, and unwieldy to work with. This study explores an alternative strategy of reducing moisture issues while embracing energy efficiency by using unvented attics with vapor diffusion ports and buried ductwork in hot-humid climates. Vapor diffusion ports have been studied so far in a wide range of U.S. climates, mostly in the context of conditioned attics. In this study, the strategy is implemented in the novel context of hot-humid climates with ductwork sitting atop blown-in attic floor insulation in unconditioned attics. Using a combination of field experiments and hygrothermal modeling, the findings of this project indicate that an unvented attic with vapor diffusion ports and buried ducts may be a key part of a successful low-cost method for reducing the attic moisture load by venting excess moisture out of the attic, keeping duct-jacket surfaces above dew point temperature, and keeping the roof deck safe from winter moisture accumulation.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2024

Recent trends and variability of temperature and atmospheric water vapor over South Asia

This study examines the recent trends and variability of temperature and atmospheric water vapor over South Asia during the summer monsoon season from 1970 to 2022. We employ gridded reanalysis and observational datasets to assess the trends and variability in surface temperature and further investigate the associated physical processes. Our results show that the surface temperature over South Asia has increased by 0.5 °C per decade. Notably, we find a statistically significant major transition in the surface temperature series in 1995, such that 1970–1994 (1995–2022) is associated with anomalous cooling (anomalous warming). Since 1995, not only have the temporal variations in regional surface temperature, atmospheric water vapor, and clear-sky downward longwave radiation been synchronous at interannual scales, but their largest spatial variations have been located mainly over the same region. A diagnosis of the atmospheric moisture budget reveals that the observed changes in water vapor convergence over South Asia are dominated by changes in mean circulation dynamics, while the change in thermodynamics is relatively small. The enhancement of the Somali low-level jet may contribute to increased water vapor in South Asia by modulating low-level circulations.

Atmospheric circulations↗
DOE OSTI2025

Experiments on a vapor compression air conditioner with liquid desiccants for efficient dehumidification

Buildings require air conditioning systems that not only cool and dehumidify supply air but also provide sufficient ventilation to ensure indoor air quality and occupant comfort. However, standard recirculation systems-which introduce about a 10 % to 20 % fraction of outdoor air-often fail to deliver air that is precisely cooled and dry, particularly because 80-90 % of the ventilation cooling load is latent. Mixing humid ventilation air with recirculated indoor air increases the energy and costs required to condition the air to comfortable levels. Dedicated outdoor air systems (DOASs) are designed to handle this latent dominated ventilation load and thus need to have efficient humidity removal. Many cooling cycles can perform this task. Here we describe a liquid desiccant DOAS, which combines a vapor compression cycle and a liquid desiccant absorber and desorber pair. We present its performance at 26 operating conditions and a thermodynamic model which can accurately predict the moisture removal efficiency. The model's performance predictions have a mean percentage error of 2.5 % and a coefficient of variation of the root mean square error of 7.5 %. We also compare the performance of this vapor-compression-coupled liquid desiccant system with a standard vapor compression system with the same components but no liquid desiccant. For the 26 conditions tested in this study, this comparison shows that adding liquid desiccants lowers the required evaporator cooling load by 21 %, allows for 25 % lower compressor volumetric capacity, and 25 % lower electricity use. Future work will leverage this model to quantify the reduction in annual electricity use across different climates, including the need for a standard vapor compression system to reheat the air during some of the year.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2026

Theoretical model of dielectrophoretic water vapor condensation during multiphase flow of electrically charged water droplets in air

Water droplet growth in air, influenced by vapor diffusion and electrical charging, has significant implications for indoor air quality, cloud formation, and aerosol dynamics. Here, this study presents a comprehensive theoretical model that describes the growth dynamics of electrically charged water droplets under external electric fields, incorporating diffusion, electrostatic, and dielectrophoretic forces to enhance understanding and practical applications in air dehumidification and environmental control. A theoretical model was established to analyze the growth dynamics of the charged water droplets. The approach extended the thermodynamic framework of the Modified Kelvin-Thomson equation by integrating electrostatic and dielectrophoretic effects, enabling a comprehensive evaluation of vapor concentration near the surface of charged droplets. A sensitivity analysis was performed to assess the roles of droplet size, electric field intensity, surface charge, and vapor concentration on condensation rates. The study progressed beyond the classical diffusion-limited growth of neutral droplets, addressing the behavior of charged droplets in electrohydrodynamic environments. The model highlighted the significance of dielectrophoretic drift flux for dipolar vapor molecules, especially in micron-sized droplets ranging from 10 to 100 µm. Findings demonstrated that, for smaller droplets subjected to elevated electrical charge, average growth rates varied from 0.3 to 1.6 µm/s if the air relative humidity increased from 50 to 100 %. Analytical results are corroborated by numerical simulations, which exhibited strong concordance, thereby validating the proposed theoretical approach. This research introduced an innovative and scalable analytical methodology for electric field-enhanced droplet growth, offering valuable insights into the advancement of energy-efficient air dehumidification, water desalination, and atmospheric water harvesting technologies.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2026

Engineering Assembly Kinetics and Line Roughness in Solvent Vapor-Annealed Block Copolymer/Homopolymer Blends

Block copolymer (BCP) directed self-assembly (DSA) is a promising route to enhance lithography resolution by multiplying nanopattern density and reducing feature roughness. Eliminating kinetically trapped self-assembly defects requires fast self-assembly. However, acceleration strategies like solvent vapor annealing or homopolymer blending broaden domain interfaces, implying a trade-off in increased feature roughness. In this work, we experimentally investigate this apparent dilemma between self-assembly kinetics and line roughness for solvent vapor-annealed thin films of a lamellar poly(styrene-block-2-vinylpyridine) (PS-b-P2VP) BCP blended with PS and P2VP homopolymers. Binary blends with PS or P2VP homopolymers and ternary blends incorporating both in equal weight fractions were solvent vapor annealed using acetone, a near-neutral solvent for PS and P2VP, followed by P2VP-selective vapor-phase infiltration with alumina (AlOx) and polymer etching. Binary blends with P2VP exhibit a modest kinetic enhancement but also higher line-edge and -width roughness due to the increased frequency of P2VP protrusions and bridge defects in the alumina line patterns. In contrast, binary blends with PS self-assemble noticeably faster, while domain asymmetry from the added PS homopolymer reduces roughness by curbing the number of alumina protrusions and bridge defects. Ternary blends maintain DSA line patterns across a wider composition window and, at higher homopolymer loadings, reduce roughness at length scales near the lamellar period, consistent with a reduced impact of intradomain compositional fluctuations. These findings provide important insights for codesigning blend compositions and process flows to achieve high-resolution, defect free patterns with minimal roughness through BCP DSA.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗