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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2019

Gravity Effects in Two-Phase Microgap Flow

The high power density of emerging electronic devices is driving the transition from remote cooling, which relies on conduction and spreading, to embedded cooling, which extracts dissipated heat on-site. Two-phase microgap coolers employ the forced flow of dielectric fluids undergoing phase change in a heated channel within or between devices. Such coolers must work reliably in all orientations for a variety of applications (e.g., vehicle-based equipment), as well as in microgravity and high-g for aerospace applications, but the lack of acceptable models and correlations for orientation- and gravity-independent operation has limited their use. Reliable criteria for achieving orientation- and gravity-independent flow boiling would enable emerging systems to exploit this thermal management technique and streamline the technology development process. As a first step toward understanding the effect of gravity in two-phase microgap flow and transport, in an earlier effort, the authors studied the effects of evaporator orientation, mass flux, and heat flux on flow boiling of HFE7100 in a 1.01 mm tall by 13.0 mm wide by 12.7 mm long microgap channel. Orientation-independence, defined as achieving similar critical heat fluxes, heat transfer coefficients, and flow regimes across orientations, was achieved for mass fluxes of 400 kg/sq.m-s and greater (corresponding to a Froude number of about 0.8). In the present effort, the authors have studied the effects of gravity, mass flux, and subcooling on flow boiling of HFE7100 in a 0.17 mm tall by 13.0 mm wide by 12.7 mm long microgap channel. The Flow Boiling in Microgap Coolers payload experienced about three minutes of weightlessness and shorter periods of high-g (up to about 5 g) during two recent flights aboard the Blue Origin New Shepard reusable launch vehicle. The results from the flight experiments will be presented and compared with published criteria for achieving gravity-independence.

Robinson, Franklin L.↗
NASA NTRS2018

Orientation Effects in Two-Phase Microgap Flow

The high power density of emerging electronic devices is driving the transition from remote cooling, which relies on con-duction and spreading, to embedded cooling, which extracts dissipated heat on-site. Two-phase microgap coolers employ the forced flow of dielectric fluids undergoing phase change in a heated channel within or between devices. Such coolers must work reliably in all orientations for a variety of applications (e.g., vehicle-based equipment), as well as in microgravity and high-g for other applications (e.g., spacecraft and aircraft). The lack of acceptable models and correlations for orientation- and gravity-independent operation has limited the use of two-phase coolers in such applications. Previous research has revealed that gravita-tional acceleration plays a diminishing role in establishing flow regimes and transport rates as the channel size shrinks, but there is considerable variation among the proposed microscale criteria and limited research on two-phase flows in low aspect ratio mi-crogap channels. Reliable criteria for achieving orientation- and gravity-independent flow boiling would enable emerging sys-tems to exploit this thermal management technique and streamline the technology development process. As a first step toward understanding the effect of gravity on two-phase microgap flow and transport, in the present effort the authors have studied the effect of evaporator orientation and mass flux on near-saturated flow boiling of HFE7100 in a 1.01 mm tall by 13.0 mm wide by 12.7 mm long microgap channel. Orientation-independence, defined as achieving similar critical heat fluxes, heat transfer coefficients, and flow regimes across evaporator orientations, was achieved for mass fluxes of 400 kg/m2-s and greater. The present results are compared to pub-lished criteria for achieving gravity-independence.

orientation↗
DOE OSTI2018

Paschen's curve in microgaps with an electrode surface protrusion

Paschen's curve in microgaps with a hemi-ellipsoidal protrusion on the electrode surface is examined using a two-dimensional fluid model. The breakdown voltage is identified when the discharge enters the subnormal region, according to voltage-current characteristics. It is discovered that the breakdown in a microgap with a surface protrusion on the electrode can result in a combined Paschen's curve, which transits from long-gap (distance between the cathode and anode without the presence of protrusion) behavior at low pressure to short-gap (distance between the protrusion apex to the opposite electrode) behavior at high pressure. As gas pressure decreases, the length of the optimal discharge path increases, automatically moving from the top of the protrusion to its side surface and then to the wider non-protrusion electrode gap. The effects of the protrusion height and radius as well as the discharge polarity on the Paschen's curve are viewed in detail. The effects of the protrusion aspect ratio on field enhancement are also considered. Our report provides insights into the design of microgaps with controlled breakdown voltage across many orders in pressure via engineered electrode morphology.

42 ENGINEERING↗
NASA NTRS2018

Orientation Effects in Two-Phase Microgap Flow

The high power density of emerging electronic devices is driving the transition from remote cooling, which relies onconduction and spreading, to embedded cooling, which extracts dissipated heat on-site. Two-phase microgap coolersemploy the forced flow of dielectric fluids undergoing phase change in a heated channel within or between devices. Such coolers must work reliably in all orientations for a variety of applications (e.g., vehicle-based equipment), as well as in microgravity and high-g for other applications (e.g., spacecraft and aircraft). The lack of acceptable models andcorrelations for orientation- and gravity-independent operation has limited the use of two-phase coolers in suchapplications. Previous research has revealed that gravitational acceleration plays a diminishing role in establishing flow regimes and transport rates as the channel size shrinks, but there is considerable variation among the proposed microscale criteria and limited research on two-phase flows in low aspect ratio microgap channels. Reliable criteria for achieving orientation- and gravity-independent flow boiling would enable emerging systems to exploit this thermal management technique and streamline the technology development process.

orientation↗
DOE OSTI2018

Gas breakdown in atmospheric pressure microgaps with a surface protrusion on the cathode

Gas breakdown in atmospheric pressure microgaps with a cathode surface protrusion is highly sensitive to the protrusion geometry. The breakdown voltage is identified when the discharge enters the subnormal region, according to voltage-current curves calculated by a two-dimensional fluid model. The effects of the protrusion size and the aspect ratio on the gap breakdown voltage are examined. It is found that the protrusion size can have a more profound effect on the breakdown voltage than the protrusion's aspect ratio. The breakdown voltage versus the protrusion aspect ratio will show a minimum value if the aspect ratio varies in a wider range. Shrinking the size of cathode protrusion can increase the breakdown voltage faster than enlarging the gap distance in the absence of a protrusion in the same scale. As a result, the effect of the aspect ratio of the microgap on the breakdown voltage is also presented.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2019

Gas breakdown and its scaling law in microgaps with multiple concentric cathode protrusions

This work reports gas breakdown characteristics in microgaps with multiple concentric protrusions on the cathode in the transition from the Townsend to the subnormal glow discharge regime, using a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model. The effects of the protrusion aspect ratio, height, and protrusion spacing on the breakdown voltage are investigated. The results show that when the protrusion spacing is small, the shielding effect can play a more important role in the breakdown voltage rather than the protrusion aspect ratio; the breakdown voltage is more sensitive to the protrusion height and can be assessed by the shortest gap distance. Increasing the protrusion spacing decreases the shielding effect, which lowers the breakdown voltage in both low- and high-pressure regimes. It is found that the breakdown scaling law still holds in geometrically similar microgaps with multiple cathode protrusions despite the electric field distortion.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2022

Microwave breakdown of sub-atmospheric argon gas in the vicinity of a microgap

The microwave electric field at breakdown for argon gas in a microgap (generally, gap size <1 mm) over a wide range of pressures and gap sizes was found to exhibit two behavioral pressure regimes. A high microwave electric field was established in the gap of a re-entrant mode resonator. By slowly raising the microwave electric field level, a breakdown level is reached where impact ionization induces low pressure argon gas to breakdown preferentially outside of the gap. At high pressure, breakdown is found to occur preferentially inside the gap, but only after the pressure is high enough for impact ionization to produce breakdown there. Impact ionization has a lower threshold electric field than the boundary-controlled processes, such as secondary electron emission, that would eventually produce breakdown inside the microgap if impact ionization did not occur first. Thus, the lower pressure regime is characterized by breakdown outside of the gap, while in the high-pressure regime, breakdown occurs inside the gap, in both cases by impact ionization. The transition pressure P T between these two pressure regimes depends on the gap size d gap , roughly as P T ∝ d gap –2 . Consistent with the model developed here, this corresponds to the full-amplitude of electron oscillation in the gap field being commensurate with the gap size.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
NASA NTRS2017

Gravity Effects in Microgap Flow Boiling

Increasing integration density of electronic components has exacerbated the thermal management challenges facing electronic system developers. The high power, heat flux, and volumetric heat generation of emerging devices are driving the transition from remote cooling, which relies on conduction and spreading, to embedded cooling, which facilitates direct contact between the heat-generating device and coolant flow. Microgap coolers employ the forced flow of dielectric fluids undergoing phase change in a heated channel between devices. While two phase microcoolers are used routinely in ground-based systems, the lack of acceptable models and correlations for microgravity operation has limited their use for spacecraft thermal management. Previous research has revealed that gravitational acceleration plays a diminishing role as the channel diameter shrinks, but there is considerable variation among the proposed gravity-insensitive channel dimensions and minimal research on rectangular ducts. Reliable criteria for achieving gravity-insensitive flow boiling performance would enable spaceflight systems to exploit this powerful thermal management technique and reduce development time and costs through reliance on ground-based testing. In the present effort, the authors have studied the effect of evaporator orientation on flow boiling performance of HFE7100 in a 218 m tall by 13.0 mm wide microgap cooler. Similar heat transfer coefficients and critical heat flux were achieved across five evaporator orientations, indicating that the effect of gravity was negligible.

microscale↗
NASA NTRS2017

Gravity Effects in Microgap Flow Boiling

Increasing integration density of electronic components has exacerbated the thermal management challenges facing electronic system developers. The high power, heat flux, and volumetric heat generation of emerging devices are driving the transition from remote cooling, which relies on conduction and spreading, to embedded cooling, which facilitates direct contact between the heat-generating device and coolant flow. Microgap coolers employ the forced flow of dielectric fluids undergoing phase change in a heated channel between devices. While two phase microcoolers are used routinely in ground-based systems, the lack of acceptable models and correlations for microgravity operation has limited their use for spacecraft thermal management. Previous research has revealed that gravitational acceleration plays a diminishing role as the channel diameter shrinks, but there is considerable variation among the proposed gravity-insensitive channel dimensions and minimal research on rectangular ducts. Reliable criteria for achieving gravity-insensitive flow boiling performance would enable spaceflight systems to exploit this powerful thermal management technique and reduce development time and costs through reliance on ground-based testing. In the present effort, the authors have studied the effect of evaporator orientation on flow boiling performance of HFE7100 in a 218 m tall by 13.0 mm wide microgap cooler. Similar heat transfer coefficients and critical heat flux were achieved across five evaporator orientations, indicating that the effect of gravity was negligible.

microscale↗
NASA NTRS2018

Challenges and Opportunities in Gen3 Embedded Cooling with High-Quality Microgap Flow

Gen3, Embedded Cooling, promises to revolutionize thermal management of advanced microelectronic systems by eliminating the sequential conductive and interfacial thermal resistances which dominate the present 'remote cooling' paradigm. Single-phase interchip microfluidic flow with high thermal conductivity chips and substrates has been used successfully to cool single transistors dissipating more than 40kW/sq cm, but efficient heat removal from transistor arrays, larger chips, and chip stacks operating at these prodigious heat fluxes would require the use of high vapor fraction (quality), two-phase cooling in intra- and inter-chip microgap channels. The motivation, as well as the challenges and opportunities associated with evaporative embedded cooling in realistic form factors, is the focus of this paper. The paper will begin with a brief review of the history of thermal packaging, reflecting the 70-year 'inward migration' of cooling technology from the computer-room, to the rack, and then to the single chip and multichip module with 'remote' or attached air- and liquid-cooled coldplates. Discussion of the limitations of this approach and recent results from single-phase embedded cooling will follow. This will set the stage for discussion of the development challenges associated with application of this Gen3 thermal management paradigm to commercial semiconductor hardware, including dealing with the effects of channel length, orientation, and manifold-driven centrifugal acceleration on the governing behavior.

microchannel↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Flow Boiling in Microgap Coolers - Suborbital Flight Results

Flow Boiling in Microgap Coolers (FBMC) is a thermal management technique that provides embedded, on-site heat removal for power dense electronic components and systems. The dielectric coolant undergoes liquid-to-vapor phase change as it passes through channels integrated within or between devices. By facilitating direct contact between the coolant and heat-generating devices and relying on phase change, the system provides tight temperature control, hot spot mitigation, very high heat transfer coefficients, and low pumping power. Ground tests demonstrated removal of high heat fluxes (up to 500 kW/m2), very high coefficients of performance (up to 40 W of heat transferred per W of pumping power), and consistent performance across five evaporator orientations under the appropriate conditions. As a follow-on study and to better assess the role of gravity on such two-phase systems, the FBMC payload was developed and flown twice aboard the Blue Origin New Shepard space vehicle in January and May 2019. Each flight exposed the payload to weightlessness (150 seconds below 0.01 g) and shorter periods of high-g during ascent (up to 3 g) and descent (up to 5 g). The flow boiling performance was consistent independent of the acceleration levels, which provides confidence that such systems will provide consistent performance when tested on the ground, orbiting or traveling through weightlessness, and operating on the surface of the Moon, Mars, and other planetary bodies. Details of the flight results, payload development, flight environment, and planned future testing will be presented.

Flow boiling↗
DOE OSTI2015

Breakdown of atmospheric pressure microgaps at high excitation frequencies

Microwave (mw) breakdown of atmospheric pressure microgaps is studied by a one-dimensional Particle-in-Cell Monte Carlo Collisions numerical model. The effect of both field electron emission and secondary electron emission (due to electron impact, ion impact, and primary electron reflection) from surfaces on the breakdown process is considered. For conditions where field emission is the dominant electron emission mechanism from the electrode surfaces, it is found that the breakdown voltage of mw microdischarge coincides with the breakdown voltage of direct-current (dc) microdischarge. When microdischarge properties are controlled by both field and secondary electron emission, breakdown voltage of mw microdischarge exceeds that of dc microdischarge. When microdischarge is controlled only by secondary electron emission, breakdown voltage of mw microdischarge is smaller than that of dc microdischarge. It is shown that if the interelectrode gap exceeds some critical value, mw microdischarge can be ignited only by electrons initially seeded within the gap volume. In addition, the influence of electron reflection and secondary emission due to electron impact is studied.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2022

Microgap breakdown with floating metal rod perturbations

Here, we report the characterization of microgap breakdown with perturbations from a metal rod floating between anode and cathode electrodes. The effects of the metal rod on the electric field distribution and the field enhancement factor are evaluated by numerical simulation and the conformal mapping method, and they indicate that the field emission regime is not reached. The breakdown voltages in the Townsend discharge regime are determined based on the voltage–current characteristics, which are obtained from two-dimensional fluid simulations. It is found that the breakdown characteristics can be significantly modulated by the floating metal rod, and the breakdown curve (breakdown voltage vs the net gap distance) is no longer U-shaped, which deviates from the conventional Paschen's law. The underlying physical mechanisms are related to the electric field enhancement, curved breakdown path, and nonuniform ion flux caused by the electric shielding effect. The results provide insights into breakdown characteristics in microscale discharges, which may promote conventional investigation of simplified clean gaps toward more complex conditions (e.g., with floating microparticles) in miniaturized plasma devices.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2015

Alignment of graphene oxide nanostructures between microgap electrodes via dielectrophoresis for hydrogen gas sensing applications

Graphene oxide (GO) nanostructures have been aligned between conducting electrodes via dielectrophoresis (DEP) with different electrical configurations. The arrangement of ground with respect to peak-to-peak voltage (V{sub pp}) plays a crucial role in manipulating the GO nanostructures. Grounds on both sides of the V{sub pp} electrode give an excellent linking of GO nanostructures which is explained by scanning electron microscopy and current-voltage characteristics. A finite element method simulation explains the electric field and voltage variation profile during DEP process. The optimized aligned GO nanostructures are used as hydrogen gas sensor with a sensitivity of 6.0% for 800 ppm hydrogen gas.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2019

Spatio-temporal dynamics of pulsed gas breakdown in microgaps

Microscale gas breakdown plays a critical role in microplasma generation for numerous applications and device lifetime for miniaturized electronics. This communication extends a previous investigation of pulsed breakdown morphology [G. Meng et al., Phys. Plasmas 25, 082116 (2018)] by providing further insight into the spatio-temporal dynamics of pulsed gas breakdown for different gap distances using an in-situ electrical-optical measurement method. Time-resolved sequential images and the corresponding photon number distributions are obtained to demonstrate the dynamic evolution of the breakdown channel morphology and the ionization intensity during breakdown development. For a 15 μm gap, breakdown transitions from a spot area on both electrode surfaces to a broad discharge region comprised of filamentary main breakdown channel (~2.00 μm) and surrounding weak ionization area due to the local field enhancement. For a 2 μm gap, it transitions from a thin channel (~1.09 μm) to a wider and uniform channel (~2.14 μm) because the electric field is more uniform at smaller gaps. Interestingly, the main breakdown channel width at the instant of breakdown is independent of the gap width. For the 2 μm gap, field emission dominates the initial stage of breakdown and collision ionization (α process) dominates during breakdown development, while the Townsend avalanche dominates the breakdown process for the 15 μm gap. Finally, we apply a simple asymptotic theory to quantify the relative contribution of these phenomena and predict that breakdown will follow Paschen's law for gaps larger than 17.8 μm.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2015

On the difference between breakdown and quench voltages of argon plasma and its relation to 4p–4s atomic state transitions

Using a relaxation oscillator circuit, breakdown (V{sub BD}) and quench (V{sub Q}) voltages of a DC discharge microplasma between two needle probes are measured. High resolution modified Paschen curves are obtained for argon microplasmas including a quench voltage curve representing the voltage at which the plasma turns off. It is shown that for a point to point microgap (e.g., the microgap between two needle probes) which describes many realistic microdevices, neither Paschen's law applies nor field emission is noticeable. Although normally V{sub BD} > V{sub Q,} it is observed that depending on environmental parameters of argon, such as pressure and the driving circuitry, plasma can exist in a different state with equal V{sub BD} and V{sub Q.} Using emission line spectroscopy, it is shown that V{sub BD} and V{sub Q} are equal if the atomic excitation by the electric field dipole moment dominantly leads to one of the argon's metastable states (4P{sub 5} in our study)

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗