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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 199 records · Page 11
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2019

Extraction of Plutonium-Containing Microcrystals from Hanford Soil using a Focused Ion Beam for Single-Crystal X-ray Diffraction Analysis

Herein we report the successful use of a focused ion beam/scanning electron microscope (FIB/SEM) to prepare microsamples of radioactive single-crystals for X-ray diffraction analysis. This technique was used to extract and analyze crystalline Pu-containing particles as small as 28 µm3 from Hanford soil taken from the 216-Z-9 waste crib which were then crystallographically characterized using single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) to confirm the cubic structure of PuO2. As a systematic proof of concept, the technique was first tested using UO2 crystals milled into cubic shapes with approximate volumes 4620, 1331, 125, 8 and 1 µm3, respectively, in order to empirically determine the crystal size limits for characterization by a laboratory-based diffractometer with a sealed tube Mo or Ag anode X-ray source and a charge-coupled device (CCD) detector.

microcrystals, Plutomium, focused ion beam/scannin↗
DOE OSTI2021

Serial crystallography using automated drop dispensing

Automated, pulsed liquid-phase sample delivery has the potential to greatly improve the efficiency of both sample and photon use at pulsed X-ray facilities. In this work, an automated drop on demand (DOD) system that accelerates sample exchange for serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) is demonstrated. Four different protein crystal slurries were tested, and this technique is further improved here with an automatic sample-cycling system whose effectiveness was verified by the indexing results. Here, high-throughput SFX screening is shown to be possible at free-electron laser facilities with very low risk of cross contamination and minimal downtime. The development of this technique will significantly reduce sample consumption and enable structure determination of proteins that are difficult to crystallize in large quantities. This work also lays the foundation for automating sample delivery.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Viscosity of glass-forming melt at the bottom of high-level waste melter feed cold caps: Effects of temperature and incorporation of solid components

At the final stages of conversion of melter feed (glass batch) to molten glass, the transient glass-forming melt becomes a continuous liquid phase encapsulating dissolving solid particles and gas bubbles that produce primary foam at the bottom of the cold cap (the reacting melter feed in an electric glass melting furnace). The glass-forming melt viscosity plays a dominant role in primary foam formation, stability, and eventual collapse, thus affecting the rate of melting (the glass production rate per cold cap area). For several melter feeds designed for nuclear waste vitrification, we have traced the glass-forming melt viscosity during the final stages of feed-to-glass conversion as it changes in response to changing temperature and composition (resulting from dissolving solid particles). Starting with a relatively low values at the moment when the melt connects, melt viscosity reaches maximum within the primary foam layer and then decreases to its final melter-operating temperature value. We paid a particular attention to the cold-cap bottom—the boundary between the primary foam layer and the thermal boundary layer—where the melt viscosity affects the rate of melting predominantly through its effect on the temperature at which primary foam is collapsing.

Lee, Seung Min↗
DOE OSTI2024

STUDIES ON PIPELINE POLYETHYLENES IN HYDROGEN GAS ENVIRONMENTS USING IN-SITU AND EX-SITU CHARACTERIZATION METHODS

Polymeric materials are commonplace in the natural gas infrastructure as distribution pipes, coatings, seals, and gaskets. Under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy HyBlend program, one of the means to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is with replacing natural gas, either partially or completely, with hydrogen. This approach makes it imperative that we conduct near-term and long-term materials compatibility research in these relevant environments. Insights into the effects of hydrogen and hydrogen gas blends on polymer integrity can be gained through both ex-situ and in-situ analytical methods. Our work represented here highlights a study of the behavior of pipeline polyethylene (PE) materials, including HDPE (Dow 2490 and GDB50) and MDPE (Ineos and legacy Dupont Aldyl A), when exposed to hydrogen by means of in-situ X-ray scattering and ex-situ Raman spectroscopy techniques. Samples were tested in ex-situ hydrogen and argon gas environments and in-situ hydrogen environments to identify differences due to permeation and solubility of these gases. These methods complemented each other because Raman spectroscopy could capture permanent effects after materials were removed from gaseous environments, and in-situ X-ray scattering analysis collected real-time data to elucidate the impact of the gas environment on polymer microstructure. Data collected revealed that the aforementioned polymers did not show significant changes in crystallinity and microstructure under the exposure conditions tested. Our findings from these studies will help establish real-time effects caused by hydrogen gas transport through pipeline polyethylenes by way of its influence on polymer structure and chemistry, which is directly related to pipeline mechanical strength and longevity of service.

Hydrogen materials compatibility, Natural gas pipe↗
DOE OSTI2023

QA/QC-ed Groundwater Level Time Series in PLM-1 and PLM-6 Monitoring Wells, East River, Colorado (2016-2022)

This data set contains QA/QC-ed (Quality Assurance and Quality Control) water level data for the PLM1 and PLM6 wells. PLM1 and PLM6 are location identifiers used by the Watershed Function SFA project for two groundwater monitoring wells along an elevation gradient located along the lower montane life zone of a hillslope near the Pumphouse location at the East River Watershed, Colorado, USA. These wells are used to monitor subsurface water and carbon inventories and fluxes, and to determine the seasonally dependent flow of groundwater under the PLM hillslope. The downslope flow of groundwater in combination with data on groundwater chemistry (see related references) can be used to estimate rates of solute export from the hillslope to the floodplain and river. QA/QC analysis of measured groundwater levels in monitoring wells PLM-1 and PLM-6 included identification and flagging of duplicated values of timestamps, gap filling of missing timestamps and water levels, removal of abnormal/bad and outliers of measured water levels. The QA/QC analysis also tested the application of different QA/QC methods and the development of regular (5-minute, 1-hour, and 1-day) time series datasets, which can serve as a benchmark for testing other QA/QC techniques, and will be applicable for ecohydrological modeling. The package includes a Readme file, one R code file used to perform QA/QC, a series of 8 data csv files (six QA/QC-ed regular time series datasets of varying intervals (5-min, 1-hr, 1-day) and two files with QA/QC flagging of original data), and three files for the reporting format adoption of this dataset (InstallationMethods, file level metadata (flmd), and data dictionary (dd) files).QA/QC-ed data herein were derived from the original/raw data publication available at Williams et al., 2020 (DOI: 10.15485/1818367). For more information about running R code file (10.15485_1866836_QAQC_PLM1_PLM6.R) to reproduce QA/QC output files, see README (QAQC_PLM_readme.docx). This dataset replaces the previously published raw data time series, and is the final groundwater data product for the PLM wells in the East River. Complete metadata information on the PLM1 and PLM6 wells are available in a related dataset on ESS-DIVE: Varadharajan C, et al (2022). https://doi.org/10.15485/1660962. These data products are part of the Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area collection effort to further scientific understanding of biogeochemical dynamics from genome to watershed scales. 2022/09/09 Update: Converted data files using ESS-DIVE’s Hydrological Monitoring Reporting Format. With the adoption of this reporting format, the addition of three new files (v1_20220909_flmd.csv, V1_20220909_dd.csv, and InstallationMethods.csv) were added. The file-level metadata file (v1_20220909_flmd.csv) contains information specific to the files contained within the dataset. The data dictionary file (v1_20220909_dd.csv) contains definitions of column headers and other terms across the dataset. The installation methods file (InstallationMethods.csv) contains a description of methods associated with installation and deployment at PLM1 and PLM6 wells. Additionally, eight data files were re-formatted to follow the reporting format guidance (er_plm1_waterlevel_2016-2020.csv, er_plm1_waterlevel_1-hour_2016-2020.csv, er_plm1_waterlevel_daily_2016-2020.csv, QA_PLM1_Flagging.csv, er_plm6_waterlevel_2016-2020.csv, er_plm6_waterlevel_1-hour_2016-2020.csv, er_plm6_waterlevel_daily_2016-2020.csv, QA_PLM6_Flagging.csv). The major changes to the data files include the addition of header_rows above the data containing metadata about the particular well, units, and sensor description. 2023/01/18 Update: Dataset updated to include additional QA/QC-ed water level data up until 2022-10-12 for ER-PLM1 and 2022-10-13 for ER-PLM6. Reporting format specific files (v2_20230118_flmd.csv, v2_20230118_dd.csv, v2_20230118_InstallationMethods.csv) were updated to reflect the additional data. R code file (QAQC_PLM1_PLM6.R) was added to replace the previously uploaded HTML files to enable execution of the associated code. R code file (QAQC_PLM1_PLM6.R) and ReadMe file (QAQC_PLM_readme.docx) were revised to clarify where original data was retrieved from and to remove local file paths.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Reference Shapefiles and Pre-trained Random Forest Classification Models for Detecting Aufeis on the North Slope of Alaska in Landsat Imagery

This dataset provides shapefiles and trained machine learning models used for aufeis detection at four sites on the North Slope of Alaska. It includes reference data for evaluating Landsat-based detection methods, supporting research on remote sensing approaches for identifying aufeis. The ReferenceData folder contains ArcGIS shapefiles of semi-automated land cover classifications for 217 Landsat Collection 2 images, categorizing pixels into six classes: aufeis, snow, ground, none, water, and cloud. The SiteBuffers.zip file includes 10-kilometer buffer shapefiles defining regions of interest around four aufeis fields (Canning21, FH1, Firth, and Kuparuk), used to test three detection techniques. Additionally, the TrainedRFModels folder contains six pre-trained Scikit-Learn Random Forest classifiers (100 trees, max depth = 30) designed to predict aufeis presence in Landsat Collection 2 Surface Reflectance images using Red, Blue, SWIR2, NDVI, and NDWI bands. This dataset supports the development and validation of remote sensing methods for mapping aufeis in Arctic environments.The Next-Generation Ecosystem Experiments: Arctic (NGEE Arctic), was a research effort to reduce uncertainty in Earth System Models by developing a predictive understanding of carbon-rich Arctic ecosystems and feedbacks to climate. NGEE Arctic was supported by the Department of Energy's Office of Biological and Environmental Research.The NGEE Arctic project had two field research sites: 1) located within the Arctic polygonal tundra coastal region on the Barrow Environmental Observatory (BEO) and the North Slope near Utqiagvik (Barrow), Alaska and 2) multiple areas on the discontinuous permafrost region of the Seward Peninsula north of Nome, Alaska.Through observations, experiments, and synthesis with existing datasets, NGEE Arctic provided an enhanced knowledge base for multi-scale modeling and contributed to improved process representation at global pan-Arctic scales within the Department of Energy's Earth system Model (the Energy Exascale Earth System Model, or E3SM), and specifically within the E3SM Land Model component (ELM).

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

A CIERRA Gridded Product Climatology for LIS/OTD [Slides]

As a stepping-stone towards developing improved GLM-CIERRA grids, I am testing pixel matching techniques on the LIS/OTD data; The goal is to maintain accuracy while vastly improving computational efficiency; The end result will be standardized grids at the nominal resolution of each instrument (5 km for LIS, 10 km for OTD) that take into account the pixel geometry for each event that comprises a given flash

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

A New CIERRA Gridded Product Climatology for LIS/OTD

The GLM-CIERRA processing generates two products: A level-2 cluster feature dataset that merges flashes that should have been a single flash following the clustering algorithm flash definition (for GLM, this is due to the LCFA thresholds); A set of level-3 gridded products including Flash Extent Density, Convective Probability, etc. The CIERRA Level-3 products are generated on a 0.1 degree grid. This is suboptimal given the spatial variations in GLM pixel size AND the size of gridpoints in the output grid. As a stepping-stone towards developing improved GLM-CIERRA grids, I am testing pixel matching techniques on the LIS/OTD data. The goal is to maintain accuracy while vastly improving computational efficiency. The CIERRA reclustering codes are also being applied to LIS / OTD to merge flashes split by the “first fit” clustering technique. The end result will be standardized grids at the nominal resolution of each instrument (5 km for LIS, 10 km for OTD) that take into account the pixel geometry for each event that comprises a given reclustered flash.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Search for New Bosons in Gluon-Gluon and Vector Boson Fusion Processes at the LHC and Development of Silicon Module Assembly Techniques for the CMS High Granularity Calorimeter

A search for heavy resonances decaying to a pair of vectors bosons is presented which utilizes events in which a hadronically decaying Z or W boson is identified using jet substructure techniques and large missing transverse momentum is found. Data analyzed were recorded by the Compact Muon Solenoid experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider in 2016, 2017, and 2018, and correspond to 137 fb$^{-1}$ . The events are categorized as having arisen from Vector Boson Fusion process or not, and are characterized by their transverse mass distribution. The standard model backgrounds are estimated based on observed yields in control regions. No excess of events above the expected SM background are observed and limits are placed on the production cross section of Radion (spin-0), Wprime (spin-1) and Bulk graviton (spin2) particles. In adiditon, the high luminosity LHC and the CMS HGCAL upgrade are also presented. The assembly techniques and various tests for the Silicon module and the cassette are discussed.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Nonlocal Kernel Network (NKN): a Stable and Resolution-Independent Deep Neural Network.

Neural operators have recently become popular tools for designing solution maps between function spaces in the form of neural networks. Differently from classical scientific machine learning approaches that learn parameters of a known partial differential equation (PDE) for a single instance of the input parameters at a fixed resolution, neural operators approximate the solution map of a family of PDEs [6, 7]. Despite their success, the uses of neural operators are so far restricted to relatively shallow neural networks and confined to learning hidden governing laws. In this work, we propose a novel nonlocal neural operator, which we refer to as nonlocal kernel network (NKN), that is resolution independent, characterized by deep neural networks, and capable of handling a variety of tasks such as learning governing equations and classifying images. Our NKN stems from the interpretation of the neural network as a discrete nonlocal diffusion reaction equation that, in the limit of infinite layers, is equivalent to a parabolic nonlocal equation, whose stability is analyzed via nonlocal vector calculus. The resemblance with integral forms of neural operators allows NKNs to capture long-range dependencies in the feature space, while the continuous treatment of node-to-node interactions makes NKNs resolution independent. The resemblance with neural ODEs, reinterpreted in a nonlocal sense, and the stable network dynamics between layers allow for generalization of NKN’s optimal parameters from shallow to deep networks. This fact enables the use of shallow-to-deep initialization techniques [8]. Our tests show that NKNs outperform baseline methods in both learning governing equations and image classification tasks and generalize well to different resolutions and depths.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2024

Quantum-Hardware Focused Application Performance Benchmarks (Final Technical Report)

Quantum computers promise to transform how we do scientific calculations. In this project, we benchmark different current quantum computers for solving chemistry problems and find ways to build noise-resilient implementations. We also use the characterization techniques developed to test ion trap quantum computers.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Electropotential Verification for Nuclear Safeguards

The international safeguards regime desires methods to efficiently verify that facilities are only performing declared activities. Electropotential verification (EPV) is a newly proposed technique that was tested for its feasibility to perform facility design information verification (DIV). EPV works by passing a constant, low voltage current through a conductive system (facility infrastructure of nuclear fuel assembly) and measuring the resulting voltage at various places throughout the infrastructure in order to establish a baseline. Changes made to the system affect these voltage readings, which will deviate from the baseline and indicate that a change to the system was made. For large scale infrastructure such as a nuclear facility DIV, it appears feasible that changes in configuration of the system’s grounding can be detected in real-time, and the location of the change can be inferred from the measured intensity of the change in voltage.

98 NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT, SAFEGUARDS, AND PHYSICAL P↗
DOE OSTI2023

Electropotential Verification for Nuclear Safeguards

The international safeguards regime desires methods to efficiently verify that facilities are only performing declared activities. Electropotential verification (EPV) is a newly proposed technique that was tested for its feasibility to perform facility design information verification (DIV) and verification of spent nuclear fuel while in a cooling pool. EPV works by passing a constant, low voltage current through a conductive system (facility infrastructure of nuclear fuel assembly) and measuring the resulting voltage at various places throughout the infrastructure in order to establish a baseline. Changes made to the system affect these voltage readings, which will deviate from the baseline and indicate that a change to the system was made. For facility DIV, it appears feasible that changes in configuration of the system’s grounding can be detected in real-time, and the location of the change can be inferred from the measured intensity of the change in voltage. Determination of whether or not spent fuel was present in a fuel rod, as well as the presence/absence of a fuel rod from an assembly using EPV, proved unsuccessful with the sensitivity of instrumentation used in this study.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2025

TEAMER Technical Support of Ramboll's for Numerical Modeling of WECs to Support OES Task 10: Cooperative Research and Development (Final Report)

National Technology & Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC (NTESS) in collaboration with the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), and with guidance from Ramboll, will perform fluid dynamics simulations to support of The Ocean Energy Systems (OES) Energy Technology Collaboration Program Task 10 Wave Energy Converters (WEC) Modelling Verification and Validation effort. Specific numerical simulations include the fixed device wave impingement studies to benchmark the performance of simulation techniques against physical testing results.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗
DOE OSTI2024

Multizone Modeling of Black Hole Accretion and Feedback in 3D GRMHD: Bridging Vast Spatial and Temporal Scales

Simulating accretion and feedback from the horizon scale of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) out to galactic scales is challenging because of the vast range of scales involved. Elaborating on H. Cho et al., we describe and test a "multizone" technique, which is designed to tackle this difficult problem in three-dimensional general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) simulations. While short-timescale variability should be interpreted with caution, the method is demonstrated to be well-suited for finding dynamical steady states over a wide dynamic range. We simulate accretion on a nonspinning SMBH ($a\ast$ = 0) using initial conditions and the external galactic potential from a large-scale galaxy simulation and achieve a steady state over eight decades in radius. As found in H. Cho et al., the density scales with radius as ρ ∝ r –1 inside the Bondi radius R B , which is located at R B = 2 × 10 5 r g (≈60 pc for M87), where r g is the gravitational radius of the SMBH; the plasma-β is ~ unity, indicating an extended magnetically arrested state; the mass accretion rate $\dot{M}$ is ≈1% of the analytical Bondi accretion rate ${\dot{M}}_{{\rm{B}}};$ and there is continuous energy feedback out to ≈100R B (or beyond > kpc) at a rate $\approx 0.02\dot{M}{c}^{2}$. Surprisingly, no ordered rotation in the external medium survives as the magnetized gas flows to smaller radii, and the final steady solution is very similar to when the exterior has no rotation. Using the multizone method, we simulate GRMHD accretion over a wide range of Bondi radii, R B ~ 10 2 –10 7 r g , and find that $\dot{M}/{\dot{M}}_{{B}}\approx {({R}_{{B}}/6\,{r}_{g})}^{-0.5}$.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Cumulative short-lived photofission product yields for nuclear forensic application

Experiments have long been carried out with linear accelerator (linac) produced bremsstrahlung X-rays to study high-energy photon-induced fission, known as “photofission”. One benefit of photofission, when compared with neutron-induced fission, is the ability to investigate fundamental physics of fission at excitation energies lower than what is possible with neutrons [1]. Absorption of an incident neutron results in a compound nucleus with an excitation energy at least equal to the neutron binding energy; thus, the lowest energy region of the fission barrier cannot be studied. Fission product yield distributions are dependent on the incident particle energy and the target nucleus mass. They are generally represented by a double-humped curve, with low and high mass “peaks” and an intermediate mass “valley”. As incident particle energy increases, the excitation energy of the nucleus increases, thereby increasing the overall yield of isotopes in the valley with respect to the two maxima or peaks of the fission product curve [3]. Photofission is most probable for incident photons around 14 MeV due to the giant dipole resonance. Induced photofission around this energy results in a fission product yield distribution that resembles 14 MeV DT neutron fission more than thermal or fast (500 keV) neutron fission. In post-detonation nuclear forensics, the peak-to-valley ratio of the fission product yield curve could be used for characterizing device type by providing an indication of the neutron energy spectrum that had induced fission (e.g., 500 keV vs. 14 MeV). The goal of this work is to improve nuclear data for isotopes of interest in nuclear forensics and special nuclear material (SNM) detection, specifically the fission product yield data via photofission experiments for the isotopes of 238U and 232Th. Photofission has been proposed as a less costly and more flexible production method for the valley isotopes that are representative of DT neutron fission product yield distributions, which would benefit nuclear forensics exercises in testing for analysis techniques. Natural uranium and thorium targets were irradiated with bremsstrahlung photons (nominal endpoint energies of 8, 14, and 20 MeV), generated via impingement of high-energy electrons on a tungsten electron-to-photon radiator. Gamma-ray spectroscopy was used to observe and identify the decay of the resulting fission products. The photofission yields of 102 fission products were measured for the set of the 238U and 232Th targets at the three bremsstrahlung X-ray endpoint energies 8, 14, and 20 MeV. These fragments included masses ranging from A=84 to A=144, with half-lives as short as 1.07 seconds.

07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Bayesian Spatially Varying Multi-Regularization Image Deblurring

Many scientific experiments such as those found in astronomy, geology, microbiology, and X-ray radiography require the use of high-energy instruments to capture images. Since blur and noise are inevitably present in any imaging system, the images must be \deblurred" to extract the full information content. Mathematically, image deblurring is an ill-posed inverse problem that requires regularization. The regularization, in turn, has a large effect on the deblurred image: different regularization strengths, and types, lead to drastically different reconstructions. Moreover, many images contain a mixture of smooth and sharp features which suggests the use of multi-regularization, i.e., varying the type of regularization (e.g. Tikhonov or total variation) across the image. We address these issues by formulating the image deblurring problem within a hierarchical Bayesian framework in which we spatially adapt the strength of the regularization and also vary the regularization type across the image. In this way, the image itself, along with corresponding regularization strength at each pixel, are described jointly by a posterior distribution which we can sample by Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. We illustrate our techniques on simplified test problems and apply them to high-energy X-ray images taken at the Nevada National Security Site. Numerical tests show that our new method is robustly applicable and increases the quality of the image reconstruction when compared to other (Bayesian) methods.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2022

316L Stainless Steel Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing and Characterization for Potential SNF Canister Production

In this paper, 316L stainless steel (316L SS) straight walls, curved walls, and vessels were printed by wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) using the 316L SS welding wire, to demonstrate the feasibility of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) canisters using this advanced manufacturing technique. Helium leak test with leak tight criteria of 1 × 10-7 ref-cc/s were performed on printed vessels with various wall thickness, and testing pressures were from 0.345 MPa (50 psi) to 1.724 MPa (250 psi). Printed wall microstructures were characterized using optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Tensile specimens were machined out from printed walls along the length, height, and thickness directions, respectively, and tested at different temperature conditions, room temperature, 80 °C, 150 °C and 250 °C, respectively. Results showed t hat, all five WAAM-printed canisters with different thickness passed the helium leaktight criteria of radioactive materials containers by the ANSI N14.5; Dispersed micrometer-level size inclusions/voids were observed at printed wall cross sections, dendritic microstructures were found with grain size variation through the welding torch shifting direction, and very small amount of δ-ferrite and σ-phase were also observed in those cross sections; The printed walls were ductile, all tensile specimens broke with large plastic deformation/elongation and without brittle failure, and printed specimens yield strengths and tensile strengths under room temperature and 80 °C conditions are higher than minimum values of 316L SS for pressure vessels and for general applications at room temperature required by the ASTM standard, respectively.

Tang, Wei↗