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At least 721 records · Page 40

Topological string entanglement

We investigate how topological entanglement of Chern-Simons theory is captured in a string theoretic realization. Our explorations are motivated by a desire to understand how quantum entanglement of low energy open string degrees of freedom is encoded in string theory (beyond the oft discussed classical gravity limit). Concretely, we realize the Chern-Simons theory as the worldvolume dynamics of topological D-branes in the topological A-model string theory on a Calabi-Yau target. Via the open/closed topological string duality one can map this theory onto a pure closed topological A-model string on a different target space, one which is related to the original Calabi-Yau geometry by a geometric/conifold transition. We demonstrate how to uplift the replica construction of Chern-Simons theory directly onto the closed string and show that it provides a meaningful definition of reduced density matrices in topological string theory. Furthermore, we argue that the replica construction commutes with the geometric transition, thereby providing an explicit closed string dual for computing reduced states, and Rényi and von Neumann entropies thereof. While most of our analysis is carried out for Chern-Simons on $\hbox{S}^3$, the emergent picture is rather general. Specifically, we argue that quantum entanglement on the open string side is mapped onto quantum entanglement on the closed string side and briefly comment on the implications of our result for physical holographic theories where entanglement has been argued to be crucial ingredient for the emergence of classical geometry.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Next-to-$\mathrm{MHV}$ Yang-Mills kinematic algebra

Kinematic numerators of Yang-Mills scattering amplitudes possess a rich Lie algebraic structure that suggest the existence of a hidden infinite-dimensional kinematic algebra. Explicitly realizing such a kinematic algebra is a longstanding open problem that only has had partial success for simple helicity sectors. In past work, we introduced a framework using tensor currents and fusion rules to generate BCJ numerators of a special subsector of NMHV amplitudes in Yang-Mills theory. Here we enlarge the scope and explicitly realize a kinematic algebra for all NMHV amplitudes. Master numerators are obtained directly from the algebraic rules and through commutators and kinematic Jacobi identities other numerators can be generated. Inspecting the output of the algebra, we conjecture a closed-form expression for the master BCJ numerator up to any multiplicity. We also introduce a new method, based on group algebra of the permutation group, to solve for the generalized gauge freedom of BCJ numerators. It uses the recently introduced binary BCJ relations to provide a complete set of NMHV kinematic numerators that consist of pure gauge.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Double holography in string theory

We develop the notion of double holography in Type IIB string theory realizations of braneworld models. The Type IIB setups are based on the holographic duals of 4d BCFTs comprising 4d N = 4 SYM on a half space coupled to 3d N = 4 SCFTs on the boundary. Based on the concrete BCFTs and their brane construction, we provide microscopic realizations of the intermediate holographic description, obtained by dualizing only the 3d degrees of freedom. Triggered by recent observations in bottom-up models, we discuss the causal structures in the full BCFT duals and intermediate descriptions. This confirms qualitative features found in the bottom-up models but suggests a refinement of their interpretation.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Wrinkles in the Froggatt-Nielsen mechanism and flavorful new physics

Abstract When the Froggatt-Nielsen mechanism is used to explain the Standard Model flavor hierarchy, new physics couplings are also determined by the horizontal symmetry. However, additional symmetries or dynamics in the UV can sometimes lead to a departure from this naïve scaling for the new physics couplings. We show that an effective way to keep track of these changes is by using the new spurions of the U(3) 5 global flavor symmetry, where we parameterize extra suppression or enhancement factors, referred to aswrinkles, using the same power counting parameter as in the original Froggatt-Nielsen model. As a concrete realization, we consider two flavor spurions of theS 1 leptoquark, and demonstrate that wrinkles can be used to make an enhanced value of$$ \textrm{BR}\left({B}^{+}\to {K}^{+}\nu \overline{\nu}\right) $$ BR B + → K + ν ν ¯ consistent with other flavor observables. We also present example UV models that realize wrinkles, and comment on choosing consistent charges in ordinary Froggatt-Nielsen models without the typical monotonicity condition.

Physics↗

Dissipation in open holography

We exploit the holographic realization of a conformal theory coupled to an external bath realized via a double trace deformation and its gravity dual in terms of transparent boundary conditions in order to map out some basic dissipative properties of this simple open holographic system. In particular, we determine the energy transmission coefficient across the boundary, discover a novel duality relating weak and strong coupling to the external bath, and quantify the dissipation in the system by working out the quasi normal modes.

AdS-CFT correspondence↗

North American extreme precipitation events and related large-scale meteorological patterns: a review of statistical methods, dynamics, modeling, and trends

This paper surveys the current state of knowledge regarding large-scale meteorological patterns (LSMPs) associated with short-duration (less than 1 week) extreme precipitation events over North America. In contrast to teleconnections, which are typically defned based on the characteristic spatial variations of a meteorological feld or on the remote circulation response to a known forcing, LSMPs are defned relative to the occurrence of a specifc phenomenon—here, extreme precipitation—and with an emphasis on the synoptic scales that have a primary infuence in individual events, have medium-range weather predictability, and are well-resolved in both weather and climate models. For the LSMP relationship with extreme precipitation, we consider the previous literature with respect to defnitions and data, dynamical mechanisms, model representation, and climate change trends. There is considerable uncertainty in identifying extremes based on existing observational precipitation data and some limitations in analyzing the associated LSMPs in reanalysis data. Many diferent defnitions of “extreme” are in use, making it difcult to directly compare diferent studies. Dynamically, several types of meteorological systems—extratropical cyclones, tropical cyclones, mesoscale convective systems, and mesohighs—and several mechanisms—fronts, atmospheric rivers, and orographic ascent—have been shown to be important aspects of extreme precipitation LSMPs. The extreme precipitation is often realized through mesoscale processes organized, enhanced, or triggered by the LSMP. Understanding of model representation, trends, and projections for LSMPs is at an early stage, although some promising analysis techniques have been identifed and the LSMP perspective is useful for evaluating the model dynamics associated with extremes.

Barlow, Mathew↗

A Stochastic Study of Flow Anisotropy and Channelling in Open Rough Fractures

The quantification of fluid flow in rough fractures is of high interest for reservoir engineering, especially for deep geothermal applications. Herein, rough self-affine fractures are stochastically generated with incremental shear displacement and geometrically described by two aperture definitions, the vertical aperture a vert and the effective aperture a eff . In order to compare their effect on fracture flow, such as anisotropy and channelling, Local Cubic Law (LCL) model-based 2D fluid flow is simulated. The particularity of this approach is the combination of a stochastic generation of self-affine fractures with a statistical analysis (560 individual realizations) of the impact of the LCL’s aperture constraint on fracture flow. The results show that aperture definition affects the quantitative interpretation of flow anisotropy and channeling as well as the aperture distribution of the fractures with shearing. Higher values of mean aperture for a given fracture are found using a vert , whereas the aperture standard deviation is larger with a eff . In addition, flow anisotropy is significantly sensitive to aperture definition for small shear displacements and shows a relative higher dispersion with a eff . Thus, LCL prediction models based on a vert are expected to lead to higher dispersion of anisotropy results with a higher uncertainty (factor ~ 2). Realizations based on avert lead to an enhanced clustering of high flow rates for higher shearing displacements. This channeling development results in higher total flow rates for these simulations. Finally, these findings support the direct calibration of pre-existing LCL anisotropy simulations based on avert towards more representative results using a eff .

58 GEOSCIENCES↗

Characterizing the Josephson Effect on Ba-122 Single-Crystal Junctions

This paper presents c-direction hybrid Josephson junctions with base electrodes of Co:BaFe{sub 2}As{sub 2} single crystals. To realize Josephson junctions, it applies standard photolithography technologies and a newly developed surface polishing method that was used. As conventional isotropic s-wave superconductor counter electrodes used double layers of Pb/In. The artificial barrier for the tunneling junctions consists of a thin sputtered Ti layer or a thermally evaporated Al layer; both layers were used as an insulator barrier. For characterizing the Josephson effects with TiO{sub x} barrier, we could realize I{sub c}R{sub N} products of about 13.7 μV and unconventional I{sub c}-T dependencies. The formation of Shapiro steps under the influence of microwave irradiation and magnetic field to the junctions will be discussed as well.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Analysis of the Spectral Stability of the Generalized Runge–Kutta Methods Applied to Initial-Boundary-Value Problems for Equations of the Parabolic Type. II. Implicit Methods

We consider specific realizations of different implicit generalized Runge–Kutta methods as applied to the numerical integration with respect to time of initial-boundary-value problems for the second-order parabolic equations and investigate their spectral stability. It is shown that all implicit generalized Runge–Kutta methods are unconditionally spectrally stable but some of them have the conditional property of monotonicity of the numerical solution with respect to time. The functions of spectral stability of the implicit generalized Runge–Kutta methods are rational. We compare the analytic solution of the nonstationary one-dimensional problem of heat conduction with the numerical solutions of this problem obtained by different implicit generalized Runge–Kutta methods. It is shown that, in this case, the application of the one-stage Radau methods with subsequent discretization of the problem with respect to the space variable leads to the classical forward finite difference scheme (Laasonen scheme), whereas the use of the one-stage Gauss–Legendre method leads to a six-point symmetric scheme (Crank–Nicolson scheme). It is shown that diagonally implicit generalized Nørsett and Burrage methods are realized in almost the same way as the one-stage Radau and Gauss–Legendre methods but their accuracy in the time step is 10–1000 times higher. On the basis of comparison of the numerical and analytic solutions, we conclude that, in order to get practically suitable numerical solutions without any restrictions on the time step, it is reasonable to use one- and three-stage generalized Radau methods or two- and four-stage Lobatto IIIC methods. All other explicit and implicit generalized Runge–Kutta methods require certain restrictions imposed on the time step.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Pilot Point Optimization of Mining Boundaries for Lateritic Metal Deposits: Finding the Trade-off Between Dilution and Ore Loss

Geological contacts in lateritic metal deposits (footwall topographies) often delineate the orebody boundaries. Spatial variations seen in such contacts are frequently higher than those for the metal grades of the deposit. Therefore, borehole spacing chosen based on the grade variations cannot adequately capture the geological contact variability. Consequently, models created using such boreholes cause high volumetric uncertainties in the actual and targeted ore extraction volumes, which, in turn, lead to high unplanned dilution and ore losses. In this paper, a method to design optimum ore/mining boundaries for lateritic metal deposits is presented. The proposed approach minimizes the dilution/ore losses and comprises two main steps. First, the uncertainty on the orebody boundary is represented using a set of stochastic realizations generated with a multiple-point statistics algorithm. Then, the optimal orebody boundary is determined using an optimization technique inspired by a model calibration method called Pilot Points. The pilot points represent synthetic elevation values, and they are used to construct smooth mining boundaries using the multilevel B-spline technique. The performance of a generated surface is evaluated using the expected sum of losses in each of the stochastic realizations. The simulated annealing algorithm is used to iteratively determine the pilot point values which minimize the expected losses. The results show a significant reduction in the dilution volume as compared to those obtained from the actual mining operation.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗

A Lagrangian dual method for two-stage robust optimization with binary uncertainties

This report presents a new exact method to calculate worst-case parameter realizations in two-stage robust optimization problems with categorical or binary-valued uncertain data. Traditional exact algorithms for these problems, notably Benders decomposition and column-and-constraint generation, compute worst-case parameter realizations by solving mixed-integer bilinear optimization subproblems. However, their numerical solution can be computationally expensive not only due to their resulting large size after reformulating the bilinear terms, but also because decision-independent bounds on their variables are typically unknown. We propose an alternative Lagrangian dual method that circumvents these difficulties and is readily integrated in either algorithm. We specialize the method to problems where the binary parameters switch on or off constraints as these are commonly encountered in applications, and discuss extensions to problems that lack relatively complete recourse and to those with integer recourse. Numerical experiments provide evidence of significant computational improvements over existing methods.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Wideband tunable up-converting optoelectronic oscillator based on gain–loss compensation technology and stimulated Brillouin scattering

An optically wideband tunable up-converting optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) based on stimulated Brillouin scattering and gain–loss compensation is demonstrated and theoretically analyzed. In the proposed structure, Brillouin narrowband filter technique is implemented by introducing two pump lights with the frequency interval twice the Brillouin frequency shift (v{sub b}). The overlapping of the gain and the loss spectrum is used to realize a wideband tunable OEO. As a consequence, the tunability of the wideband of the output microwave signal at f{sub m}+2v{sub b} from 22.4 to 61.4 GHz can be realized by changing the signal under testing from 1 to 40 GHz. In addition, the transfer function of the system is given and the single sideband (SSB) phase noise is also evaluated theoretically. And the theoretical simulated the SSB phase noise is − 116.1 dBc/Hz at the 10 kHz offset when the f{sub m} = 25 GHz. Not only the OEO can convert a low-frequency IF signal to a high-frequency signal without introducing any high-Q electrical filter, but the frequency of the output signal is high enough and widely tunable. Because of the high frequency tunable capacity, the up-converting OEO might have a potential application in radar communication and millimeter wave generation systems.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Direct digital predistortion technique for the compensation of laser chirp and fiber dispersion in long haul radio over fiber links

Analog Radio-over-Fiber (A-RoF) communication technology constitutes a promising technique for next generation radio access networks thanks to its relatively low bandwidth requirements. Within this context, an efficient predistortion technique is proposed, which can be applied to reduce the impairments of A-RoF systems due to the combined effects of frequency chirp of the laser source and chromatic dispersion of the optical channel. The radio frequency signal is firstly put in digital form through an analog to digital converter, then the predistortion operation is realized, and finally the resulting signal is put again into analog form. A comprehensive analysis on the theoretical basis of the proposed approach is presented, together with the approximations introduced, which makes it practically realizable. The improvements on the quality of the received signal due to the proposed solution are illustrated with reference to scenarios of applicative interest. The performance of proposed technique is evaluated in terms of adjacent channel leakage ratio and error vector magnitude when long term evolution signal is applied at the input.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

CNOT-based quantum swapping of polarization and modal encoded qubits in photonic Ti:LiNbO{sub 3} channel waveguides

A photonic circuit aimed at implementing a CNOT-based quantum swapping of the modal and polarization qubits, is designed and simulated, using Ti:LiNbO{sub 3} indiffused channel waveguides. A few on-chip optical elements such as the polarization-sensitive odd-mode analyzers and combiners, along with the electrically controllable directional couplers and polarization converters, are incorporated within the circuit and together serve to realize the operation of a deterministic single-photon quantum swap gate. Entanglement generation is realized on-chip by means of two concurrent spontaneous parametric down-conversion processes in the twice periodically poled Ti:LiNbO{sub 3} waveguide, placed at the input section of the circuit. The constituent elements of the circuit are characterized separately using numerical beam propagation method in RSoft program package. Two poling periods of Λ{sub 1}=11.762 μm and Λ{sub 2}=23.667 μm are calculated for the dual periodically perturbed structure in the circuit. The directional couplers operate at V{sub DC}=31.6 V. Maximum polarization conversion efficiency is achieved by applying a constant switching voltage of V{sub EO}=4.52 V.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Design of a readout circuit incorporating a 12-bit analog-to-digital converter for cooled infrared focal plane array

The infrared focal plane array (IRFPA) is gradually becoming more systematic. In order to enhance the signal processing capabilities, analog-to-digital converters (ADC) integrated into the readout integrated circuit (ROIC) is an important development trend. However, the cryogenic effects of MOSFET devices will affect the conversion accuracy of the ADC at 77 K. In this paper, the main parameters of MOSFET are extracted at 77 K in 0.18 μm CMOS process, and a cryogenic model is established. Based on this, a digital ROIC is designed, which integrates a 12-bit single-slope integral ADC in pixel unit. By applying continuous integral ramp generator and mixed-voltage comparator, a high-linearity and low-power consumption single-slope ADC is realized for the cooled readout circuit. The measured dynamic effective number of bits of the ADC at 77 K is 10.92 bits, the static no-missing code resolution reaches 11.99 bits, the maximum differential nonlinear |DNL| < 1LSB and maximum integral nonlinear |INL| < 1LSB. This paper realizes the design of a digital ROIC for IRFPA and improves the simulation accuracy at 77 K.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Influence of Wetting on Viscous Fingering Via 2D Lattice Boltzmann Simulations

We present simulations of two-phase flow using the Rothman and Keller colour gradient Lattice Boltzmann method to study viscous fingering when a “red fluid” invades a porous model initially filled with a “blue” fluid with different viscosity. We conducted eleven suites of 81 numerical experiments totalling 891 simulations, where each suite had a different random realization of the porous model and spanned viscosity ratios in the range $$M\in [0.01,100]$$ M ϵ [ 0.01 , 100 ] and wetting angles in the range $$\theta _w\in [180^\circ ,0^\circ ]$$ θ w ϵ [ 180 ° , 0 ° ] to allow us to study the effect of these parameters on the fluid-displacement morphology and saturation at breakthrough (sweep). Although sweep often increased with wettability, this was not always so and the sweep phase space landscape, defined as the difference in saturation at a given wetting angle relative to saturation for the non-wetting case, had hills, ridges and valleys. At low viscosity ratios, flow at breakthrough is localized through narrow fingers that span the model. After breakthrough, the flow field continues to evolve and the saturation continues to increase albeit at a reduced rate, and eventually exceeds 90% for both non-wetting and wetting cases. The existence of a complicated sweep phase space at breakthrough, and continued post-breakthrough evolution suggests the hydrodynamics and sweep is a complicated function of wetting angle, viscosity ratio and time, which has major potential implications to Enhanced Oil Recovery by water flooding, and hence, on estimates of global oil reserves. Validation of these results via experiments is required to ensure they translate to field studies.

Engineering↗

Coupling of a High-Resolution Ambient Pressure Drift Tube Ion Mobility Spectrometer to a Commercial Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometer

Ion mobility spectrometry provides information about molecular structures of ions. Hence, high resolving power allows separation of isomers which is of major interest in several applications. In this work, we couple our high-resolution ion mobility spectrometer (IMS) with a resolving power of R{sub p} = 100 to a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS). Besides, the benefit of an increased resolving power such an IMS-MS also helps analyzing and understanding the ionization processes in IMS. Usually, the coupling between IMS and TOF-MS is realized by synchronizing data acquisition of the IMS and MS resulting in two-dimensional data containing ion mobility and mass spectra. However, due to peak widths of less than 100 μs in our high-resolution IMS, this technique is not practicable due to significant peak broadening during the ion transfer into the MS and an insufficient data acquisition rate of the MS. Thus, a novel but simple interface between the IMS and MS has been designed which minimizes ion losses, allows recording of ion mobility at full IMS resolving power, and enables a shuttered transmission of ions into the MS. The interface is realized by replacing the Faraday plate used in IMS by a Faraday grid that is shielded by two additional aperture grids. For demonstration, positive product ions of benzene, toluene, and m-xylene in air are investigated. The IMS is equipped with a radioactive {sup 3}H source. Besides the well-known product ions M{sup +} and M·NO{sup +}, a dimer ion is also observed for benzene and toluene, consisting of two molecules and three further hydrogen atoms. .

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Electricity Markets and Long-Duration Energy Storage: A Survey of Grid Services and Revenue Streams

Purpose of Review Long Duration Energy Storage (LDES) is increasingly viewed as a potential resource for providing grid services that enhance the stability and flexibility of electricity systems. While some LDES services are integrated into existing market frameworks, traditional mechanisms may not fully account for their operational characteristics, potentially leading to undervaluation. Within this context, this paper reviews the literature and industry practices to assess potential grid services for LDES, evaluates existing compensation mechanisms, and identifies challenges to full market integration. Recent Findings We first review existing literature and identify key grid services unique to LDES, including enhancing grid resilience during extreme weather events, enabling long-term energy shifting, and providing flexible and firm energy in systems with limited dispatchable resources. Here, we also review how LDES services are compensated in current market frameworks and the challenges associated with the full realization of LDES values. Additionally, we summarize market mechanisms for storage technologies across U.S. wholesale markets. We find that some markets are adjusting incentive structures, such as incorporating storage duration in capacity accreditation, to better align with system needs and LDES contributions to the grid. However, further refinements in capacity remuneration and dispatch timeframes may be needed for more effective realization of LDES value. Summary This review evaluates potential grid services for LDES, examines existing compensation mechanisms for LDES technologies, and identifies gaps between these mechanisms and LDES operational characteristics. The review concludes by outlining potential market enhancements for more effective LDES integration and articulating additional research needs to support its efficient participation in future power systems.

Flexible resources↗