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DOE OSTI2026

Mode Multiplexing for Scalable Cavity-Enhanced Operations in Neutral-Atom Arrays

Neutral-atom arrays provide a versatile platform for quantum information processing. However, in large-scale arrays, efficient photon collection remains a bottleneck for key tasks such as fast, nondestructive qubit readout and remote entanglement distribution. We propose a cavity-based approach that enables fast, parallel operations over many atoms using multiple modes of a single optical cavity. By selectively shifting the relevant atomic transitions, each atom can be coupled to a distinct cavity mode, allowing independent simultaneous processing. We present practical system designs that support cavity-mode multiplexing with up to 50 modes, enabling rapid mid-circuit syndrome extraction and significantly enhancing entanglement distribution rates between remote atom arrays. This approach offers a scalable solution to core challenges in neutral-atom arrays, advancing the development of practical quantum technologies.

Aqua, Ziv [Massachusetts Institute of Technology (↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Strong Thermoset Regolith UV-Curable Composite Technology (STRUCT) Overview

Future lunar surface missions require construction materials that can be manufactured in situ using lo-cal resources while operating under extreme environmental conditions. Many Lunar material demands can be solved solely with regolith by compacting or sintering. And yet past Lunar missions rely on polymeric materials, and sustained Lunar missions must reduce Earth-supplied polymers dependence. Dual-cure (Ultraviolet (UV) and thermal) polymer-regolith composites offer a promising pathway by leveraging solar UV radiation, moderate thermal in-put, and regolith. Mission mass limits, power availability and energy constraints on the lunar surface further motivate low-energy processing and curing strategies for surface construction materials. The Strong Thermoset Regolith UV-Curable Composite Technology (STRUCT) project has successfully synthesized and demonstrated dual-cure photopolymer resins derivable from in-situ resources [3]. Morphological, thermal, and mechanical characterization show that the newly formulated UV curable resin systems integrates well with lunar regolith simulants. Processing and chemistry changes, and computational analysis advanced the composite design. X-ray CT scanned and computational analysis demonstrate that resin, regolith and additives are well incorporated. The large fraction of regolith, 95% by mass, large char yield (82% mass), low thermal conductivity (0.26 W/m/K), confirm this material as a promising high-performance thermal and structural material.

thermal conductivity↗

DOE OSTI2024

Singular Hall Response from a Correlated Ferromagnetic Flat Nodal‐Line Semimetal

Abstract Topological quantum phases are largely understood in weakly correlated systems, which have identified various quantum phenomena, such as the spin Hall effect, protected transport of helical fermions, and topological superconductivity. Robust ferromagnetic order in correlated topological materials particularly attracts attention, as it can provide a versatile platform for novel quantum devices. Here, a singular Hall response arising from a unique band structure of flat topological nodal lines in combination with electron correlation in a van der Waals ferromagnetic semimetal, Fe 3 GaTe 2 , with a high Curie temperature ofT c = 347 K is reported. High anomalous Hall conductivity violating the conventional scaling, resistivity upturn at low temperature, and a large Sommerfeld coefficient are observed in Fe 3 GaTe 2 , which implies heavy fermion features in this ferromagnetic topological material. The scanning tunneling microscopy, circular dichroism in angle‐resolved photoemission spectroscopy, and theoretical calculations support the original electronic features of the material. Thus, low‐dimensional Fe 3 GaTe 2 with electronic correlation, topology, and room‐temperature ferromagnetic order appears to be a promising candidate for robust quantum devices.

Chemistry↗

NASA NTRS1985

A Comparison of Doppler Lidar Wind Sensors for Earth-Orbit Global Measurement Applications

Now, there are four Doppler lidar configurations which are being promoted for the measurement of tropospheric winds: (1) the coherent CO2 Lidar, operating in the 9 micrometer region using a pulsed, atmospheric pressure CO2 gas discharge laser transmitter, and heterodyne detection; (2) the coherent Neodymium doped YAG or Glass Lidar, operating at 1.06 micrometers, using flashlamp or diode laser optical pumping of the solid state laser medium, and heterodyne detection; (3) the Neodymium doped YAG/Glass Lidar, operating at the doubled frequency (at 530 nm wavelength), again using flashlamp or diode laser pumping of the laser transmitter, and using a high resolution tandem Fabry-Perot filter and direct detection; and (4) the Raman shifted Xenon Chloride Lidar, operating at 350 nm wavelength, using a pulsed, atmospheric pressure XeCl gas discharge laser transmitter at 308 nm, Raman shifted in a high pressure hydrogen cell to 350 nm in order to avoid strong stratospheric ozone absorption, also using a high resolution tandem Fabry-Perot filter and direct detection. Comparisons of these four systems can include many factors and tradeoffs. The major portion of this comparison is devoted to efficiency. Efficiency comparisons are made by estimating the number of transmitted photons required for a single pulse wind velocity estimate of + or - 1 m/s accuracy in the middle troposphere, from an altitude of 800 km, which is assured to be reasonable for a polar orbiting platform.

Robert T Menzies↗

NASA NTRS2013

Battery Charge Equalizer with Transformer Array

High-power batteries generally consist of a series connection of many cells or cell banks. In order to maintain high performance over battery life, it is desirable to keep the state of charge of all the cell banks equal. A method provides individual charging for battery cells in a large, high-voltage battery array with a minimum number of transformers while maintaining reasonable efficiency. This is designed to augment a simple highcurrent charger that supplies the main charge energy. The innovation will form part of a larger battery charge system. It consists of a transformer array connected to the battery array through rectification and filtering circuits. The transformer array is connected to a drive circuit and a timing and control circuit that allow individual battery cells or cell banks to be charged. The timing circuit and control circuit connect to a charge controller that uses battery instrumentation to determine which battery bank to charge. It is important to note that the innovation can charge an individual cell bank at the same time that the main battery charger is charging the high-voltage battery. The fact that the battery cell banks are at a non-zero voltage, and that they are all at similar voltages, can be used to allow charging of individual cell banks. A set of transformers can be connected with secondary windings in series to make weighted sums of the voltages on the primaries.

Davies, Francis↗

DOE OSTI2025

Hydrogen diffusion induced dislocation transformations in a nickel superalloy

The diffusion of hydrogen in metals and alloys induces embrittlement that can adversely affect the structural properties. We examine the adsorption and diffusion of hydrogen in Inconel-718 (IN-718), and scrutinize the ensuing effects on the dislocation behavior in the alloy to elucidate the fundamental mechanisms of hydrogen-microstructure interactions from classical molecular simulations. Hydrogen adsorption increases with time until the surface saturates, while hydrogen diffusion exhibits strong temperature dependence, with diffusion coefficients converging above 1300 K regardless of the initial hydrogen concentration in the alloy. The diffusion in IN-718 is significantly sluggish than in pure Ni, Fe, or Cr, and is strongly impacted by hydrogen concentrations, resulting in an order of magnitude higher diffusion coefficient for hydrogen (10-14 m2/s relative to 10-15 m2/s) at high concentrations, especially below 600 K. Hydrogen diffusion coefficient varies from 10-12 to 10-15 m2/s in IN-718 depending on temperature (500–1400 K). More critically, our results reveal that increasing hydrogen concentration induces microstructural changes in the alloy, transforming perfect dislocations into stair-rods and Shockley partials, with higher temperatures favoring the latter. The results are significant for hydrogen fuel applications to gain insights into the materials chemistry for designing safer and more efficient propulsion systems, particularly in high-performance environments related to controlled hydrogen combustion applications.

Banerjee, Tanumoy↗

NASA NTRS2004

New Lithium-ion Polymer Battery for the Extravehicular Mobility Unit Suit

The Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) suit currently has a silver-zinc battery that is 20.5 V and 45 Ah capacity. The EMU's portable life support system (PLSS) will draw power from the battery during the entire period of an EVA. Due to the disadvantages of using the silver-zinc battery in terms of cost and performance, a new high energy density battery is being developed for future use, The new battery (Lithium-ion battery or LIB) will consist of Li-ion polymer cells that will provide power to the EMU suit. The battery design consists of five 8 Ah cells in parallel to form a single module of 40 Ah and five such modules will be placed in series to give a 20.5 V, 40 Ah battery. Charging will be accomplished on the Shuttle or Station using the new LIB charger or the existing ALPS (Air Lock Power Supply) charger. The LIB delivers a maximum of 3.8 A on the average, for seven continuous hours, at voltages ranging from 20.5 V to 16.0 V and it should be capable of supporting transient pulses during start up and once every hour to support PLSS fan and pump operation. Figure 1 shows the placement of the battery in the backpack area of the EMU suit. The battery and cells will undergo testing under different conditions to understand its performance and safety characteristics.

Jeevarajan, J. A.↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

The Use of Immersion Rigs for High Temperature Hydrogen Exposure Testing Within the Nuclear Thermal Rocket Element Environmental Simulator (NTREES): NTREES-5 Hydrogen Heat Exchanger (N5HHX-01)

The Nuclear Thermal Rocket Element Environmental Simulator (NTREES) facility at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) subjects materials and components typically found on nuclear thermal propulsion (NTP) systems to non-nuclear simulations of prototypic NTP reactor thermohydraulic environments. With 1.2 MW of inductive power available, the currently employed methods to simulate nuclear heating in NTREES consist of 1) inductively heating a test specimen, which typically cannot be performed on ceramic materials, or 2) heating gas that envelops the test specimen. The latter of these has provided a basis for developing so-called “immersion rigs” to be used in NTREES. Furthermore, immersion rigs are especially useful in the case of smaller, technically challenging test specimens. One such device, the “NTREES-5 Hydrogen Heat Exchanger” (N5HHX-01), designed and deployed to test small material coupons to ~0.5 g/s of 2800 K, 500 psi Hydrogen, is discussed herein. To achieve this desired delivery temperature level, the most suitable material for the N5HHX’s construction was pure tungsten, which imposed budgetary and manufacturing challenges. Also discussed in this paper is the design of the N5HHX rig’s sample container, which became the first iteration of improving NTREES small material coupon test operations by permitting rapid changeout of different material samples.

Reactor Testing↗

DOE OSTI2026

Final Technical Report for DE-SC0022206

This project developed foundational genetic, genomic, and epigenetic tools for anaerobic fungi (Neocallimastigomycota), a group of microorganisms with exceptional natural abilities to deconstruct lignocellulosic biomass. Efficient biomass deconstruction remains a major barrier to economical production of renewable fuels, chemicals, and materials from agricultural and forestry residues. The project sought to enable mechanistic studies and future engineering of anaerobic fungi by improving genomic resources, establishing methods for gene expression, and investigating epigenetic regulation of biomass-degrading pathways. Major accomplishments included generation of the first chromosome-scale genome assemblies for multiple anaerobic fungal species, providing publicly available genomic resources that support both engineering and fundamental biological research. The project established the first reproducible system for heterologous gene expression in anaerobic fungi and identified genomic features and mobile genetic elements that may support future development of stable transformation technologies. In parallel, the project demonstrated direct conversion of untreated lignocellulosic biomass into fuels and specialty chemicals through a fungal-yeast bioprocess and identified anaerobic fungal enzymes with utility for metabolic engineering. The research also revealed that epigenetic regulation plays an important role in controlling fungal gene expression and enzyme production, identifying potential strategies for enhancing biomass degradation. Collectively, this work established anaerobic fungi as a tractable emerging platform for bioenergy and biomanufacturing research, generated valuable public resources, trained the next generation of researchers, and advanced DOE-BER goals related to predictive biology, sustainable bioprocessing, and the circular bioeconomy.

Solomon, Kevin [University of Delaware] (ORCID:000↗

DOE OSTI2025

Glauber’s Salt Composites for HVAC Applications: A Study on the Use of the T-History Method with a Modified Data Evaluation Methodology

Phase change materials (PCMs) can be utilized in buildings for peak load shifting in air conditioning systems, and the use of salt hydrate-based PCMs can reduce the cost of thermal energy storage devices. Glauber’s salt is an economical salt hydrate PCM with a melting point of around 32 °C. However, the desired melting range typically falls between 18 and 22 °C for building air conditioning applications. Although many researchers have characterized Glauber’s salt and its composites with modified melting points, enthalpy–temperature curves for composites of Glauber’s salt and NaCl are unavailable. In this study, we report the melting and solidification enthalpy–temperature curves for two different composites of Glauber’s salt and NaCl with a melting point of 21 °C obtained by the T-history method. Both composites contain NaCl to suppress the melting point, borax to reduce supercooling, and sodium polyacrylate as a thickener to enhance cyclic stability. The first composite with 12 wt.% NaCl demonstrated 139 kJ·kg−1 of latent heat of fusion, and the second composite with 9 wt.% NaCl demonstrated 171 kJ·kg−1. Both the composites have high volumetric energy densities compared to their organic counterparts with similar melting points.

Chemistry↗

DOE OSTI2025

Multireference diffusion Monte Carlo reaches 2D materials

Abstract Quantum confinement in 2D materials strongly enhances electronic correlation effects. Therefore, predicting the properties of these unique materials, with both a high level of accuracy and computational efficiency, without relying on adjustable parameters or functionals, remains an outstanding theoretical challenge. The majority of theoretical studies are based on the approximations of density functional theory (DFT). The reliability of DFT predictions are heavily dependent on the choice of an approximated exchange-correlation functional. Here, we estimate the magnitude of impact of correlation on the total energy for the quintessential 2D material, graphene, by performing and comparing state-of-the-art selected CI and quantum Monte Carlo extrapolated calculations for a single unit cell at the$$\Gamma$$point. We demonstrate that Self-Healing Diffusion Monte Carlo (SHDMC) obtains a very compact, but high-quality wavefunction for this system that lacks the strong basis set dependence displayed by state of the art quantum chemistry methods. The SHDMC wavefunction is of higher quality compared to that obtained from sCI, in the same orbital basis, while being$$\sim$$ 1000 times smaller in terms of determinant count compared to sCI. We also demonstrate that extrapolating SHDMC results to the infinite determinant limit compares extremely well with complete basis set extrapolated sCI. Our work paves the way for future validation of SHDMC applied to challenging 2D materials.

Science & Technology - Other Topics↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Investigating Laser Beam Welding as an In-Space Joining Technique via Thermal Vacuum and Microgravity and Vacuum Experiments

In-space joining technologies are crucial for stimulating an in-space economy and for enabling sustained space exploration by in-space manufacturing and repair of metallic structures. Compared to brazing or soldering, in-space welding (ISW) can provide highly hermetic, strong, and complex joints, potentially without introducing additional material. However, the influence of extreme temperatures, reduced pressure, and reduced gravity on ISW is not yet fully elucidated. Several efforts at NASA are investigating laser beam welding (LBW) as a joining and repair method in both thermal vacuum (TVAC) and combined vacuum & reduced gravity environments. NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) shepherded several ISW projects in its past, including the 1973 electron beam welding on Skylab, the 1989 low-power LBW on parabolic flights, and the unflown 1990s-era In-Space Welding Experiment. Recent parabolic flights and 3 degree-of-freedom ground testing build upon this heritage. A collaboration with the Ohio State University using NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) hardware retrofitted for LBW achieved the first high-powered laser welds under vacuum and low gravity and developed a workforce capable developing such experimental hardware. A ground testing campaign at the MSFC Flat Floor simulated fit-up and welding representative of ISW in 3 degrees of freedom to emulate microgravity effects on inertial systems. One ongoing effort is a NASA Early Career Initiative project – Lunar Assembly and Servicing by Autonomous Robotics (LASAR). Ruggedized LBW components were developed by an external partner for use in TVAC. A TVAC-rated robotic arm was procured by MSFC and used in the first known robotic laser weld where all components save the laser generator were under vacuum. NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC) is advancing supervised autonomy of ISW. NASA LaRC continues to adapt their unique snowflake joint geometry, suitable for connecting segments in trusses and other structures, to LBW. Upcoming TVAC campaigns will focus on testing extreme temperatures, proving out autonomous operations, and demonstrating weld repair. Weld inspection will occur via a non-contact nondestructive evaluation (NDE) technique – electromagnetic acoustic transduction (EMAT). Another ongoing effort based at MSFC is the DISCMAN -- DIsk-Shaped Configurable and Modular vAcuum uNit – which seeks to development a compact, modular payload that can provide a vacuum environment while in a reduced gravity condition. This payload could support multiple in-space manufacturing developmental efforts, with the first demonstration technology being LBW. Currently, the design is targeting operations in the pressurized volume of a space station, but the payload could readily be adapted to other flight platforms such as parabolic or even suborbital vehicles. LASAR elucidates the effects of temperature and vacuum on LBW while DISCMAN probes those of vacuum and gravity. Through these complementary efforts, NASA is addressing the primary challenges of ISW across the space environment while simultaneously developing and maturing technologies including robotic systems and inspection methodologies for future practical implementation on the Moon and beyond. This approach is timely, as upcoming missions requiring sustained human presence in space will depend on reliable ISW capabilities to create robust metallic joints currently unproven in the space environment and to perform repairs in situ .

hypogravity↗

DOE OSTI2026

Final Technical Report: Transport of Complex Mixtures in Ion-Containing Polymer Membranes

Permselective ion-containing membranes are an integral component for many applications from water treatment, fuel cells, and solar fuels devices where the selective transport of molecules and ions is desired. In solar fuels devices, ion-containing polymer membranes are responsible for permitting selective transport of ions between electrodes to maintain overall charge neutrality yet limit transport of reaction products produced at the electrodes. While the transport of single solutes through such membranes has been fairly well described, binary and multicomponent transport is poorly understood due to the myriad of interactions that occur in these systems (i.e. between co-permeants and between permeants and the membrane). Solar fuels devices are just one example of an application where understanding the transport of multiple simultaneous species is critically important to improving device performance as product crossover leads to reductions in overall device performance. The objectives of this research was to improve our understanding of the complex array of factors that influence transport behavior of multiple solutes within ion-containing polymer membranes. This experimental project addressed the lack of fundamental understanding of multicomponent transport behavior by synthesizing ion exchange membranes with varied incorporation of comonomers (ionic and neutral moieties) to investigate fundamental relationships between membrane structure, membrane physiochemical properties, and transport behavior of solutes and complex solute mixtures through dense, hydrated membranes.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Characterization of the Mechanical Trash Compactor Bag Removal Force

Managing trash accumulation is a critical challenge in human space explorations since the trash volume and mass can significantly influence launch cost and operational efficiency. This study aids the development of a Mechanical Trash Compactor (Mpactor) by testing the removal force required to remove a “trash bag” from the Mpactor. To do this, a Pneumatic Pressure Mandrel System was designed to simulate the normal force trash would exerts on the trash bag and subsequently the sidewalls of the Mpactor. For various levels of sidewall normal force, the removal force required to remove the simulated trash bag from the Mpactor compaction chamber was measured. This testing is used to identify optimal bag materials. Additionally, testing was done on both the native stainless steel walls of the compaction chamber as well as the walls after being Teflon lined. Split-plot ANOVA, simple main effects analysis, Holm’s post hoc comparisons for interaction, and sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess the influence of trash bag and sidewall materials on the required removal force. It was found that Teflon reduced the force required to remove the trash bag as well as reduced material-dependent variation in removal force. Testing showed that Teflon reduced the required removal force with a Polyvinylidene Fluoride , an unidentified Ethylene acrylate - Low Density Polyethylene copolymer, and a Polyvinyl Chloride all requiring significantly less removal force than the other materials tested.

pressure mandrel↗

DOE OSTI2025

Interaction of magnetic fields with spinons in a fractionalized state

The 4d-electron trimer lattice Ba₄Nb₁₋ₓRu₃₊ₓO₁₂ exhibits either a quantum spin liquid (QSL) or a heavy-fermion strange metal (HFSM) phase, depending on Nb content. In the QSL state, itinerant spinons act as effective heat carriers, enhancing thermal conductivity. Strikingly, applying a magnetic field up to 14 T causes an abrupt, up-to-5000% increase in heat capacity below 150 mK, disrupting the linear temperature dependence typical of both phases. Meanwhile, AC susceptibility and electrical resistivity remain nearly unchanged, while thermal conductivity drops by up to 40% below 4 K. These results suggest spinons, despite being charge-neutral, are highly sensitive to magnetic fields at low temperatures. We propose that the magnetic field could induce Anderson localization of spinons, creating emergent non-magnetic two-level systems responsible for the Schottky-like anomaly in heat capacity. These findings point to a previously unexplored regime of spinon dynamics, potentially governed by field-induced localization and distinct from conventional magnetic or transport signatures.

Condensed-matter physics↗

NASA NTRS2026

Comparison Testing and Analysis of Braided Cords Constructed from Varying Kevlar Fiber Types

Material advancements move quickly, resulting in material obsolescence issues that require parachute engineers to understand how the material properties change with a material upgrade and if there are expected impacts to overall performance of the parachute. The objective of this test was to measure the elongation of different Kevlar types at both the cord-level and at the yarn-level to determine if a change in Kevlar type impacted parachute performance. An Instron machine with a pin-to-pin connection was used to measure load and displacement time histories for various Kevlar cord and yarn samples in a cyclic load profile. Twenty-four cord samples and twenty-four yarn samples were tested; each sample was cycled five times to the relevant maximum load (either to breaking strength or to the 30% peak load expected in flight). In addition to the Instron measurements, a photogrammetric technique was also implemented to measure elongation of the samples using button targets. Modulus test data shows approximately a 10% difference in elongation between Kevlar 29AP and Kevlar 129, and another 10% difference in elongation between Kevlar 29 and Kevlar 29AP. Although this is a measurable change in modulus, the effect on parachute performance is likely small, particularly for non-primary structure elements of relatively small length. This test campaign provides an example of the type of testing and analysis that parachute engineers could do to understand how material upgrades affect performance of their systems.

Modulus Testing↗

DOE OSTI2025

In‐Plane Anisotropy in van der Waals NiTeSe Ternary Alloy

Abstract The anisotropic properties of materials profoundly influence their electronic, magnetic, optical, and mechanical behaviors and are critical for a wide range of applications. In this study, the anisotropic characteristics of Ni‐based van der Waals materials, specifically NiTe 2 and its alloy NiTeSe, utilizing a combination of comprehensive scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), angle‐resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES), and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, are explored. Unlike 1T‐NiTe 2 , which exhibits trigonal in‐plane symmetry, the substitution of Te with Se in NiTe 2 (resulting in the NiTeSe alloy) induces a pronounced in‐plane anisotropy. This anisotropy is clear in the STM topographs, which reveal a distinct linear order of charge distribution. Corroborating these observations, ARPES measurements and DFT calculations reveal an anisotropic Fermi surface centered at the point, which is notably elongated along the k y direction, leading to directional variations in in‐plane carrier velocities. Consequently, the Fermi velocity is highest along the k x direction where the linear charge distribution aligns in real space and is lowest along the k y direction. These findings offer valuable insights into the tunability of anisotropic properties in ternary transition metal dichalcogenide systems, highlighting their potential applications in the development of anisotropic electronic and optoelectronic devices.

Chemistry↗

DOE OSTI2025

High-voltage water-scarce hydrogel electrolytes enable mechanically safe stretchable Li-ion batteries

Soft Li-ion batteries, based on conventional organic electrolytes, face performance degradation challenges due to moisture penetration and safety concerns due to possible leakage of toxic fluorine compounds and flammable solvents under mechanical damage. We design a water-scarce hydrogel electrolyte with fluorine-free lithium salt to achieve wide electrochemical stability window (up to 3.11 volts) in ambient air without hermetic packaging while balancing high stretchability (1348%), ion conductivity (41 millisiemens per centimeter), and self-healing capabilities for mechanically and chemically safe stretchable Li-ion batteries. Molecular synergy between hydrophilicity and lithiophilicity of zwitterionic polymer backbone is revealed by molecular dynamics simulations. The battery exhibits capacity retention under harsh mechanical stresses—enduring stretching, twisting, folding, and multiple through-punctures by a needle—while self-healing from repeated through cuts by a razor blade. Stable ambient operation for 1 month over 500 charge-discharge cycles (average coulomb efficiency, 95%) is achieved. A prototype self-healing electronic system with embedded soft batteries demonstrates practical application as a durable embodied energy source.

Science & Technology - Other Topics↗