Verification of gyrokinetic microstability codes with an LHD configuration
Not Available
Mikkelsen, D. R.↗
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Pipettor Version 5.x
Code is written in Basic to run using web-available Basic assembler, available at justbasic.com. It drives a set of stepper motors to mechanize the operation of pipetting radioactive solutions within a hot cell, and it communicates via serial port with the C4 stepper controller sold by Arrick, see http://www.arrickrobotics.com/c4md2.html. It is intended to operate stand-alone, that is, the justbasic assembler/application is downloaded onto a PC, the application runs the software program Pipettor, and the instructions are included as comments within the software.
Thorn, David L.↗
Authscan, version 1.x
Code to detect compromised user credentials in a computer network using host log data.
Turcotte, Melissa↗
Authscan 2.x
Code to model user credentials on a computer network by considering independently the time series of events generated by each user credential and use these models to detect compromised users credentials by scoring deviation from the learned baseline.
Turcotte, Melissa↗
Utilizing many-core accelerators for halo and center finding within a cosmology simulation
Efficiently finding and computing statistics about “halos” (regions of high density) are essential analysis steps for N-body cosmology simulations. However, in state-of-the-art simulation codes, these analysis operators do not currently take advantage of the shared-memory data-parallelism available on multi-core and many-core architectures. The Hybrid / Hardware Accelerated Cosmology Code (HACC) is designed as an MPI+X code, but the analysis operators are parallelized only among MPI ranks, because of the difficulty in porting different X implementations (e.g., OpenMP, CUDA) across all architectures on which it is run. In this paper, we present portable data-parallel algorithms for several variations of halo finding and halo center finding algorithms. These are implemented with the PISTON component of the VTK-m framework, which uses Nvidia's Thrust library to construct data-parallel algorithms that allow a single implementation to be compiled to multiple backends to target a variety of multi-core and many-core architectures. Finally, we compare the performance of our halo and center finding algorithms against the original HACC implementations on the Moonlight, Stampede, and Titan supercomputers. The portability of Thrust allowed the same code to run efficiently on each of these architectures. On Titan, the performance improvements using our code have enabled halo analysis to be performed on a very large data set (81923 particles across 16,384 nodes of Titan) for which analysis using only the existing CPU algorithms was not feasible.
Sewell, Christopher↗
Whole-scene, one-sided backscatter x-ray imaging with coded apertures
X-ray radiography can be an important diagnostic for emergency response, providing timely diagnostic information about a suspect object. However, there are situations where similar information would be better obtained with a one-sided imaging technique. X-ray backscatter imaging is a proven technology that could provide such information, but current implementations have drawbacks that render it unsuitable for emergency response. We are exploring the use of coded-aperture imaging to create one-sided images, targeting a key benefit: implementation requiring minimal additional resources, bypassing logistics issues. We present results demonstrating the feasibility of this approach.
Ziock, Klaus-Peter [ORNL]↗
Simulations of edge and SOL turbulence in diverted negative and positive triangularity plasmas
Optimizing the performance of magnetic confinement fusion devices is critical to achieving an attractive fusion reactor design. Negative triangularity (NT) scenarios have been shown to achieve excellent levels of energy confinement, while avoiding edge localized modes. Modeling turbulent transport in the edge and SOL is key in understanding the impact of NT on turbulence and extrapolating the results to future devices and regimes. Previous gyrokinetic turbulence studies have reported beneficial effects of NT across a broad range of parameters. However, most simulations have focused on the inner plasma region, neglecting the impact of NT on the outermost edge. In this work, we investigate the effect of NT in edge and scrape-off layer simulations, including the magnetic X-point and separatrix. For the first time, we employ a multi-fidelity approach, combining global, non-linear gyrokinetic simulations with drift-reduced fluid simulations, to gain a deeper understanding of the underlying physics at play. First-principles simulations using the GENE-X code demonstrate that in comparable NT and PT geometries, similar profiles are achieved, while the turbulent heat flux is reduced by more than 50% in NT. Comparisons with results from the drift-reduced fluid turbulence code GRILLIX suggest that the turbulence is driven by trapped electron modes. The parallel heat flux width on the divertor targets is reduced in NT, primarily due to a lower spreading factor S.
GENE-X↗
A gyrokinetic simulation model for 2D equilibrium potential in the scrape-off layer of a field-reversed configuration
The equilibrium potential structure in the scrape-off layer (SOL) of the field-reversed configuration (FRC) can be affected by the penetration of edge biasing applied at the divertor ends. The primary focus of the paper is to establish a formulation that accurately captures both parallel and radial variations of the two-dimensional (2D) potential in SOL. The formulation mainly describes a quasi-neutral plasma with a logical sheath boundary. A full-f gyrokinetic ion model and a massless electron model are implemented in the GTC-X code to solve for the self-consistent equilibrium potential, given fixed radial potential profiles at the boundaries. The first essential point of this 2D model lies in its ability to couple radial and parallel dynamics stemming from resistive currents and drag force on ions. The model successfully recovers the fluid force balance and continuity equations. These collisional effects on 2D potential mainly appear through the density profile changes, modifying the potential through electron pressure gradient. This means an accurate prescription of electron density and temperature profiles is important in predicting the potential structure in the FRC SOL. The Debye sheath potential and the potential profiles applied at the boundaries can be additional factors contributing to the 2D variations in SOL. This comprehensive full-f scheme holds promise for future investigations into turbulent transport in the presence of the self-consistent 2D potential together with the non-Maxwellian distributions and open boundary conditions in the FRC SOL.
Physics↗
Volume fraction determination of the annular three-phase flow of gas-oil-water using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system
The use of adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) has been reported for predicting the volume fractions in a gas–oil–water multiphase system. In fact, the volume fractions in the annular three-phase flow are measured based on a dual energy metering system consisting of {sup 152}Eu and {sup 137}Cs and one NaI detector using ANFIS. Since the summation of volume fractions is constant, therefore ANFIS must predict only two volume fractions. In this study, three ANFIS networks are applied. The first is utilized to predict the gas and water volume fractions. The next one is applied to predict the gas and oil, and the last one is used to predict the water and oil volume fractions. In the next step, ANFIS networks must be trained based on numerically obtained data from MCNP-X code. Then, the average testing errors of these three networks are computed and compared. The network with the least error has been selected as the best predictor model.
07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗
Epp: A C++ EGSnrc user code for x-ray imaging and scattering simulations
Purpose: Easy particle propagation (Epp) is a user code for the EGSnrc code package based on the C++ class library egspp. A main feature of egspp (and Epp) is the ability to use analytical objects to construct simulation geometries. The authors developed Epp to facilitate the simulation of x-ray imaging geometries, especially in the case of scatter studies. While direct use of egspp requires knowledge of C++, Epp requires no programming experience. Methods: Epp's features include calculation of dose deposited in a voxelized phantom and photon propagation to a user-defined imaging plane. Projection images of primary, single Rayleigh scattered, single Compton scattered, and multiple scattered photons may be generated. Epp input files can be nested, allowing for the construction of complex simulation geometries from more basic components. To demonstrate the imaging features of Epp, the authors simulate 38 keV x rays from a point source propagating through a water cylinder 12 cm in diameter, using both analytical and voxelized representations of the cylinder. The simulation generates projection images of primary and scattered photons at a user-defined imaging plane. The authors also simulate dose scoring in the voxelized version of the phantom in both Epp and DOSXYZnrc and examine the accuracy of Epp using the Kawrakow-Fippel test. Results: The results of the imaging simulations with Epp using voxelized and analytical descriptions of the water cylinder agree within 1%. The results of the Kawrakow-Fippel test suggest good agreement between Epp and DOSXYZnrc. Conclusions: Epp provides the user with useful features, including the ability to build complex geometries from simpler ones and the ability to generate images of scattered and primary photons. There is no inherent computational time saving arising from Epp, except for those arising from egspp's ability to use analytical representations of simulation geometries. Epp agrees with DOSXYZnrc in dose calculation, since they are both based on the well-validated standard EGSnrc radiation transport physics model.
60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
Difference in neoclassical edge flows between strongly negative and positive triangularities in the XGC gyrokinetic simulation
The neoclassical baseline study of a strongly negative triangularity (NT) plasma and the corresponding positive triangularity (PT) plasma is performed using the edge-specialized, total-f gyrokinetic code (X-point Gyrokinetic Code, XGC). A DIII-D-like plasma is used, based on the negative triangularity discharge of DIII-D #193 793. An artificial positive triangularity (PT) equilibrium has been constructed to compare the edge rotation physics at the same triangularity strength but with opposite sign, while keeping the same elongation and other geometric parameters. Carbon(6+) ions are added to the deuterium plasma at an experimentally relevant level. By using the experimental profile of carbon toroidal rotation profile as an input, XGC finds that the deuteron rotation is significantly different from the carbon rotation at the inboard and outboard midplanes, mostly caused by the difference in the Pfirsch–Schlüter rotation. More importantly, a significant difference in the X-point orbit loss physics, thus the rotation source, is found between the positive and negative triangularity equilibrium models. However, it is also found that the agreement between the present neoclassical simulation and the experimental NT data is validated only within the middle of the pedestal slope, indicating the importance of edge turbulence. Finally, this study could establish a baseline for the multiphysics, multiscale studies that include turbulence of negative triangularity plasmas.
Deuterium↗
Gyrokinetic understanding of the edge pedestal transport driven by resonant magnetic perturbations in a realistic divertor geometry
Self-consistent simulations of neoclassical and electrostatic turbulent transport in a DIII-D H-mode edge plasma under resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) have been performed using the global total-f gyrokinetic particle-in-cell code x-point gyrokinetic code (XGC), in order to study density pump-out and electron heat confinement. The RMP field is imported from the extended magneto-hydrodynamics code M3D-C1, taking into account the linear two-fluid plasma response. With both neoclassical and turbulence physics considered together, the XGC simulation reproduces two key features of experimentally observed edge transport under RMPs: increased radial particle transport in the pedestal region that is sufficient to account for the experimental pump-out rate and suppression of the electron heat flux in the steepest part of the edge pedestal. In the simulation, the density fluctuation amplitude of modes moving in the electron diamagnetic direction increases due to interaction with RMPs in the pedestal shoulder and outward, while the electron temperature fluctuation amplitude decreases.
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
Verification of the kinetic electron role in the microinstabilities in a negative triangularity model equilibrium
Effect of kinetic electrons on negative triangularity plasmas has been investigated and compared against the corresponding positive triangularity plasmas, using the global gyrokinetic code X-point Gyrokinetic Code with scale-separated delta-f option without Coulomb collisions. Our model magnetic equilibria have strong positive and negative triangularities and weak magnetic shear. However, unusually large ρ i > a and low density plasmas are chosen to maximize the nonlocal effect to investigate the finite ρ i effect and to be clearly away from kinetic ballooning modes. Similar conclusions to previous flux tube and global simulations have been obtained in this highly nonlocal model plasma: it is essential to include kinetic electrons in the micro-instability study of negative triangularity plasmas. Most physics findings agree with existing reports, with some disagreement. We offer a new “effective trapping fraction” concept that can add to the explanation of the growth rate difference between NT and PT plasmas, pointing to the significant variation in trapped particle fractions that have turning points in the mode growth regions.
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
A Comparison of Alternating Direction Swept Remap and Intersection Remap in the X-FEM Alegra Code.
Abstract not provided.
Mosso, Stewart John↗
Coded Aperture Imaging for Fluorescent X-rays-Biomedical Applications
Employing a coded aperture pattern in front of a charge couple device pixilated detector (CCD) allows for imaging of fluorescent x-rays (6-25KeV) being emitted from samples irradiated with x-rays. Coded apertures encode the angular direction of x-rays and allow for a large Numerical Aperture x- ray imaging system. The algorithm to develop the self-supported coded aperture pattern of the Non Two Holes Touching (NTHT) pattern was developed. The algorithms to reconstruct the x-ray image from the encoded pattern recorded were developed by means of modeling and confirmed by experiments. Samples were irradiated by monochromatic synchrotron x-ray radiation, and fluorescent x-rays from several different test metal samples were imaged through the newly developed coded aperture imaging system. By choice of the exciting energy the different metals were speciated.
07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗
Validation of columnar CsI x-ray detector responses obtained with hybridMANTIS, a CPU-GPU Monte Carlo code for coupled x-ray, electron, and optical transport
Purpose: hybridMANTIS is a Monte Carlo package for modeling indirect x-ray imagers using columnar geometry based on a hybrid concept that maximizes the utilization of available CPU and graphics processing unit processors in a workstation. Methods: The authors compare hybridMANTIS x-ray response simulations to previously published MANTIS and experimental data for four cesium iodide scintillator screens. These screens have a variety of reflective and absorptive surfaces with different thicknesses. The authors analyze hybridMANTIS results in terms of modulation transfer function and calculate the root mean square difference and Swank factors from simulated and experimental results. Results: The comparison suggests that hybridMANTIS better matches the experimental data as compared to MANTIS, especially at high spatial frequencies and for the thicker screens. hybridMANTIS simulations are much faster than MANTIS with speed-ups up to 5260. Conclusions: hybridMANTIS is a useful tool for improved description and optimization of image acquisition stages in medical imaging systems and for modeling the forward problem in iterative reconstruction algorithms.
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
SU-E-T-212: Comparison of TG-43 Dosimetric Parameters of Low and High Energy Brachytherapy Sources Obtained by MCNP Code Versions of 4C, X and 5
Purpose: Different versions of MCNP code are widely used for dosimetry purposes. The purpose of this study is to compare different versions of the MCNP codes in dosimetric evaluation of different brachytherapy sources. Methods: The TG-43 parameters such as dose rate constant, radial dose function, and anisotropy function of different brachytherapy sources, i.e. Pd-103, I-125, Ir-192, and Cs-137 were calculated in water phantom. The results obtained by three versions of Monte Carlo codes (MCNP4C, MCNPX, MCNP5) were compared for low and high energy brachytherapy sources. Then the cross section library of MCNP4C code was changed to ENDF/B-VI release 8 which is used in MCNP5 and MCNPX codes. Finally, the TG-43 parameters obtained using the MCNP4C-revised code, were compared with other codes. Results: The results of these investigations indicate that for high energy sources, the differences in TG-43 parameters between the codes are less than 1% for Ir-192 and less than 0.5% for Cs-137. However for low energy sources like I-125 and Pd-103, large discrepancies are observed in the g(r) values obtained by MCNP4C and the two other codes. The differences between g(r) values calculated using MCNP4C and MCNP5 at the distance of 6cm were found to be about 17% and 28% for I-125 and Pd-103 respectively. The results obtained with MCNP4C-revised and MCNPX were similar. However, the maximum difference between the results obtained with the MCNP5 and MCNP4C-revised codes was 2% at 6cm. Conclusion: The results indicate that using MCNP4C code for dosimetry of low energy brachytherapy sources can cause large errors in the results. Therefore it is recommended not to use this code for low energy sources, unless its cross section library is changed. Since the results obtained with MCNP4C-revised and MCNPX were similar, it is concluded that the difference between MCNP4C and MCNPX is their cross section libraries.
60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
Coded aperture imaging for fluorescent x-rays
We employ a coded aperture pattern in front of a pixilated charge couple device detector to image fluorescent x-rays (6–25 KeV) from samples irradiated with synchrotron radiation. Coded apertures encode the angular direction of x-rays, and given a known source plane, allow for a large numerical aperture x-ray imaging system. The algorithm to develop and fabricate the free standing No-Two-Holes-Touching aperture pattern was developed. The algorithms to reconstruct the x-ray image from the recorded encoded pattern were developed by means of a ray tracing technique and confirmed by experiments on standard samples.
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗