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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

Recent activities of National Synchrotron Light Source-II Insertion Device Group

Insertion Device (ID) Group at the National Synchrotron Light Source-II (NSLS-II) has been involved in the following activities: Installation and maintenance of the HEX-Superconducting Wiggler (SCW), Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) for SC adaptive gap undulator (AGU), NSLS-II Experimental Tools II & III (NEXT-II & III) project IDs. Improvement of in-vacuum flip coil bench, development of in-vacuum pulsed wire bench and upgrade of a regular flip coil bench. Development of rotating coil bench for the lattice magnets for future upgrade. This paper describes the specifics of each activity.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2023

Insert device for fuel injection

An insert device includes a first coupling body inserted into an engine cylinder head. The first coupling body extends around a center axis to define a first interior volume of the first coupling body that is shaped to receive a distal tip of a fuel injector. The insert device includes a second mixing body coupled with the first coupling body and extending around the center axis. The second mixing body includes conduits that receive fuel from the fuel injector and air from a combustion chamber, combine the fuel with the air, and direct the fuel-air mixture into the combustion chamber. The first coupling body has a first end surface positioned to face the cylinder head and the first coupling body is tapered such that an outer diameter of the first coupling body is larger toward the first end surface than toward the second mixing body.

Heher, Brett↗
DOE OSTI2023

Insert device for fuel injection

An insert device includes a body having an upper body portion configured to couple with a cylinder head of an engine cylinder and a lower body portion extending from the upper body portion toward a combustion chamber of the engine cylinder. The body includes an interior surface extending around a central volume positioned to receive liquid fuel from a fuel injector. The body includes gas inlet channels and fuel-and-gas mixture outlet channels. The gas inlet channels direct gas into the central volume where the gas mixes with the liquid fuel to form the fuel-and-gas mixture. The fuel-and-gas mixture outlet channels direct the mixture into the combustion chamber. The interior surface includes concave surface portions between the inlet channels and the outlet channels along a center axis of the body that are shaped to direct the gas into the central volume toward the liquid fuel in the central volume.

Heher, Brett↗
DOE OSTI2022

High precision real-time insertion device and monochromator synchronization at NSLS-II

We report that insertion devices have become the dominant photon source at synchrotron and free electron laser light source facilities the world over. Undulators, characterized by their small deflection parameter, exhibit a high degree of constructive interference in photon production from high energy charged particle beams leading to very high photon rates at specific harmonics of the fundamental frequency with relatively narrow spectral widths. Spectroscopic measurements of interest typically span several of these harmonic widths, which requires precision adjustment of an undulator’s magnetic gap to maintain peak flux within the much narrower bandwidth of a beamline monochromator at the desired energy. High precision insertion device controls are developed at NSLS-II including real-time linked control of monochromator hardware allowing for fast, high precision, hardware triggered, spectroscopic measurements. Furthermore, this fast fly scan method is described, compared statistically for self consistency, and shown to be far superior in both efficiency and accuracy as compared to standard step scan measurements.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Advanced flip-coil system for magnetic field integral measurements of insertion devices

A novel flip-coil measurement system has been developed for the National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II) at Brookhaven National Laboratory. This paper describes the design, implementation, and commissioning of the new measurement bench, highlighting its key features, including improved mechanical stability, advanced data acquisition, and enhanced reproducibility. The system enables precise characterization of field integrals and multipole components, ensuring the optimal performance of Insertion Devices (IDs) before installation in the NSLS-II storage ring. The flip-coil system incorporates an innovative approach to minimize mechanical and electrical errors, which significantly improves the reproducibility of measurements. In addition, the system features a state-of-the-art data acquisition system that enables real-time monitoring and analysis, further enhancing the efficiency and accuracy of the measurement process. Furthermore, preliminary tests have demonstrated that the new system meets the stringent requirements for magnetic field characterization of advanced insertion devices, making it an essential tool for future ID commissioning and quality assurance at NSLS-II.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

New Insertion Device Control System for the APS Upgrade

New Hybrid Permanent Magnet Undulators (HPMUs) have been designed and manufactured using servo motors for precise and reliable gap motion control for the Advanced Photon Source Upgrade (APS-U) project. Meanwhile, existing HPMUs equipped with legacy stepper motors are systematically replaced with servo motors. In parallel with mechanical modifications of the undulators, a comprehensive upgrade has been implemented for the control of the devices. This upgrade includes integration of standardized industrial components for replacement of motor controllers and motor drives using the Kollmorgen Programmable Controller Multi-axis Master (PCMM) controllers and the AKD2G series servo drives. Soft Input Output Controllers (IOCs) are developed and deployed to replace the legacy VME-based IOCs for both single-period undulators and Revolver undulators. In this paper, we will present the architecture of the new insertion device control system, including control mechanisms, interlock protocols, and tools for diagnostics and troubleshooting.

Li, W.↗
DOE OSTI2023

Development of the high energy engineering X-ray (HEX) superconducting wiggler, magnetic measurement, installation, and commissioning

The High energy Engineering X-ray (HEX) diffraction beamline at the National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II) at Brookhaven National Lab (BNL) is the first high-energy beamline capable of reaching 200 keV for a monochromatic beam. With the 3 GeV electron beam energy for the NSLS-II ring, only the superconducting wiggler (SCW) producing greater than 4 T peak field can cover these ranges with a sufficient number of photons. The 1.2 m-long HEX-SCW has a period length of 70 mm and a field strength on-axis of 4.3 T. It utilizes no liquid helium, and the vertical aperture size of the electron beam vacuum chamber is 8 mm. Unlike regular undulators/wigglers, there is no standard configuration for the magnetic measurement system for superconducting insertion devices. The NSLS-II Insertion Devices group has developed, in collaboration with the vacuum group, a novel in-vacuum Hall mapper with a 1.75 m in-vacuum linear motor and an in-vacuum flip coil system utilizing many commercial-off-the-shelf products. The measurements were conducted at the BNL, and the device was installed in the ring and commissioned. Here, this paper provides a description of the SCW and its magnetic measurement systems, as well as a brief account of the installation and commissioning efforts.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Iodination of PEGylated Polymers Counteracts the Inhibition of Fibrinogen Adsorption by PEG

Poly(ethylene glycol), PEG, known to inhibit protein adsorption, is widely used on the surfaces of biomedical devices when biofilm formation is undesirable. Poly(desaminotyrosyl-tyrosine ethyl ester carbonate), PDTEC, PC for short, has been a promising coating polymer for insertion devices, and it has been anticipated that PEG plays a similar role if it is copolymerized with PC. Earlier studies show that no fibrinogen (Fg) is adsorbed onto PC polymers with PEG beyond the threshold weight percentage. This is attributed to the phase separation of PEG. Further, iodination of the PC units in the PC polymer, (I 2 PC), has been found to counteract this Fg-repulsive effect by PEG. Here, in this study, we employ surface-sensitive X-ray techniques to demonstrate the surface affinity of Fg toward the air–water interface, particularly in the presence of self-assembled PC-based film, in which its constituent polymer units are assumed to be much more mobile as a free-standing film. Fg is found to form a Gibbs monolayer with its long axis parallel to the aqueous surface, thus maximizing its interactions with hydrophobic interfaces. It influences the amount of insoluble, surface-bound I 2 PC likely due to the desorption of the formed Fg–I 2 PC complex and/or the penetration of Fg onto the I 2 PC film. The results show that the phase behavior at the liquid–polymer interface shall be taken into account for the surface behavior of bulk polymers surrounded by tissue. The ability of PEG units rearranging into a protein-blocking layer, rather than its mere presence in the polymer, is the key to antifouling characteristics desired for polymeric coating on insertion devices.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2026

Online multi-objective Bayesian optimization of injection efficiency and beam lifetime with skew quadrupoles at NSLS-II

At NSLS-II, the vertical emittance of electron beam is typically blown up to ~30 pm with a coupling wave to increase beam lifetime during user operation. As more and more insertion devices are added to the storage ring, injection efficiency to the ring drops noticeably in certain machine states, apparently due to degraded dynamic apertures. To help alleviate this issue, we have recently performed online multi-objective Bayesian optimization to increase injection efficiency while maintaining beam lifetime, by adjusting the strengths of 15 skew quadrupoles in non-dispersive sections. We report the results of this optimization effort.

Hidaka, Yoshiteru [Brookhaven]↗
DOE OSTI2023

Three-pole wigglers at NSLS-II

The National Synchrotron Light Source-II (NSLS-II) at Brookhaven National Lab (BNL) is a third-generation medium-energy storage ring with 3 GeV and sub-nm-rad horizontal emittance, equipped with a top-off capability of 500 mA. It is designed to deliver an extremely intense photon beam across a wide spectral range, from the far-infrared to the very hard X-ray region. This outstanding performance is achieved through a combination of bending magnets (BM), three-pole wigglers (3 PW), and advanced insertion device (ID) sources. Six three-pole wigglers have been constructed at the NSLS-II IDs Lab. These devices are used to produce broadband radiation with lower angular power density and to monitor the electron beam emittance and energy spread. Here, this paper describes the R&D activities focused on developing the required magnetic and mechanical designs, along with magnetic field optimization and the final magnetic measurement results. It also covers the spectral brightness, flux, power density, spatial and angular output properties of the 3 PWs, including their commissioning results and their effects on the performance of the NSLS-II storage ring.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Digital Miniature Cathode Ray Magnetometer

In this study, we introduce the concept and construction of an innovative Digital Miniature Cathode Ray Magnetometer designed for the precise detection of magnetic fields. This device addresses several limitations inherent to magnetic probes such as D.C. offset, nonlinearity, temperature drift, sensor aging, and the need for frequent recalibration, while capable of operating in a wide range of magnetic fields. The core principle of this device involves the utilization of a charged particle beam as the sensitivity medium. The system leverages the interaction of an electron beam with a scintillator material, which then emits visible light that is captured by an imager. The emitted scintillation light is captured by a CMOS sensor. This sensor not only records the scintillation light but also accurately determines the position of the electron beam, providing invaluable spatial information crucial for magnetic field mapping. The key innovation lies in the combination of electron beam projection, CMOS imager scintillation-based detection, and digital image signal processing. By employing this synergy, the magnetometer achieves remarkable accuracy, sensitivity and dynamic range. The precise position registration enabled by the CMOS sensor further enhances the device’s utility in capturing complex magnetic field patterns, allowing for 2D field mapping. In this work, the optimization of the probe’s performance is tailored for applications related to the characterization of insertion devices in light sources, including undulators.

Turqueti, Marcos↗
DOE OSTI2021

Vacuum system design, construction, and operation for the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source upgrade

During the summer and fall 2018, the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS), underwent an upgrade that recast the facility as primarily a low emittance X-ray source. The upgrade replaced one sixth of the Cornell Electron Storage Ring (CESR) with six double-bend achromats, featuring four novel CHESS Compact Undulator (CCU) insertion devices, and switched CESR to single particle beam operation. At the time of this writing, the upgraded storage ring has achieved the CHESS-U design goal of operating with 200 mA of positron current at 6.0 GeV beam energy. Additionally, seven out of eleven CHESS-U beamlines are currently in X-ray user operation. The construction and the commissioning of the new section of the CESR accelerator required novel solutions to design, fabrication, and vacuum system operations. Significant design considerations and efforts were made to minimize X-ray ‘dark-time’, returning to operation less than 1 year. This paper describes the important milestones of the process, the solutions implemented, and the present status of CHESS-U.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Wavefront Preservation in Soft X-Ray Beamlines for the Advanced Light Source Upgrade

In the 4th generation of X-ray light sources, including Free-Electron Lasers (FEL) and Diffraction-Limited Storage Rings (DLSR), the emittance of the electron beam is small or negligible compared to the emittance of the photon beam produced by insertion devices, thus generating coherent beams of light. Over the next few years, several lightsource facilities will be built or upgraded to produce X-ray beams of unprecedented coherent flux. Delivering these exceptional beams to the sample chambers requires beamline optical systems that are designed to preserve the wavefront properties. Our goal in the Advanced Light Source upgrade project (ALS-U) is to create a new class of beamlines that reach diffraction-limited X-ray optical quality through tightly integrated, efficient optical systems, diagnostics, and adaptive mirrors, thus providing users with new scientific capabilities offered by coherent X-ray light interactions with matter. Herein we describe aspects of the beamlines’ design as they enter the project’s final design phase.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2023

Applications of “Synchrotron Radiation Workshop” Code

The “Synchrotron Radiation Workshop” (SRW) computer code was started in the group of Insertion Devices of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility in 1997. The idea behind it was to combine in one software library electrodynamics methods for calculating electric fields (and derived characteristics) of synchrotron radiation (SR) generated by relativistic electrons moving in magnetic fields of nearly arbitrary configuration with wave-optics methods for simulating propagation of radiation through optical elements of beamlines. Further, the use of this general approach was initially driven by applications in electron beam diagnostics using SR. However, with time it started to be used for more complicated beamlines of synchrotron light sources, and the use of the code for these applications continues to increase, with the new light sources offering brighter and more coherent x ray beams for wide ranges of experiments in different areas of science.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Development of a Superconducting Adaptive Gap Undulator Prototype for NSLS-II

The photon flux and brightness of synchrotron radiation, crucial parameters for any light source, vary significantly depending on the type of source employed. Among the 23 Insertion Device (ID) sources at the National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II) at Brookhaven National Lab (BNL), the 12-year-old 3m-long In-Vacuum Undulator (IVU20) stands out for its superior performance, although it no longer represents the cutting edge of technology. Recently, there has been a shift in focus towards developing next-generation sources, particularly Superconducting Undulators (SCUs), characterized by smaller gaps, shorter periods, and maximum lengths. However, despite ongoing research and development efforts, SCUs have yet to surpass their predecessors, the Cryogenic Permanent Magnet Undulators (CPMUs), in terms of performance. This is largely attributed to the limitations posed by traditional superconducting wire, as well as challenges in the design of the magnetic structure and vacuum chamber. In this paper, we aim to overcome such limitations through the development of a unique prototype Superconducting Adaptive Gap Undulator (SC-AGU) magnet core and vacuum chamber design. This paper will outline a novel technical approach aimed at constructing a compact prototype magnet array utilizing state-of-the-art superconducting wire technology. This approach provides a more efficient magnetic structure, allowing for enhanced magnetic field strength and stability.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Bridging the gap of storage ring light sources and linac-driven free-electron lasers

High-gain free-electron lasers (FELs) are driven by short, high-charge density electron beams as only produced at dedicated single pass or recirculating linear accelerators. We describe new conceptual, technical, and modeling solutions to produce subpicosecond, up to ~100 μJ-energy extreme ultra-violet and soft x-ray FEL pulses at high- and tunable repetition rates, from diffraction-limited storage ring light source. In contrast to previously proposed schemes, we show that lasing can be simultaneous to the standard multibunch radiation emission from short insertion devices, and that it can be obtained with limited impact on the storage ring infrastructure. By virtue of the high-average power but moderate pulse energy, the storage ring-driven high-gain FEL would open the door to unprecedented accuracy in time-resolved spectroscopic analysis of matter in the linear response regime, in addition to inelastic scattering experiments.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Design study of a low emittance complex bend achromat lattice

Light sources worldwide have experienced rapid growth in the last decades, pushing toward higher brightness with lower emittance to meet growing demands from the user community. The quest for higher brightness motivates the development of low-emittance ring lattices. At this point, all fourth-generation storage ring light sources employ variations of the multibend achromat (MBA) lattice. In this paper, we discuss an extension of this approach, known as complex bend achromat lattice in relation to the future NSLS-II upgrade. A detailed approach for the lattice design will be described and the developed lattice will be presented. The advantages of using our complex bend approach are evident in reaching a natural emittance as low as 23 pm at a beam energy of 3 GeV, providing a straight section of 8.4 m for long insertion devices, and acquiring a ratio of about 50% of free space with respect to the ring circumference. The design includes the use of permanent magnets largely reducing the need for power supplies. Our new approach provides an extension to the MBA concept for the next-generation light source lattice design. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Application of deep learning methods for beam size control during user operation at the Advanced Light Source

Past research at the Advanced Light Source (ALS) provided a proof-of-principle demonstration that deep learning methods could be effectively employed to compensate for the significant perturbations to the transverse electron beam size induced by user-controlled adjustments of the insertion devices. However, incorporating these methods into the ALS’ daily operations has faced notable challenges. The complexity of the system’s operational requirements and the significant upkeep demands has restricted their sustained application during user operation. Here, we introduce the development of a more robust neural network (NN)-based algorithm that utilizes a novel online fine-tuning approach and its systematic integration into the day-to-day machine operations. Our analysis emphasizes the process of NN model selection, demonstrates the superior performance of the NN-based method over traditional feedback methods, and examines the effectiveness and resilience of the new algorithm during user-operation scenarios. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗