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All sources NASA NTRS DOE OSTI

DOE OSTI2024

SIMS Data Correction Procedure for Quasi‐Simultaneous Arrival ( QSA ) Under‐counting and Ramifications of Misapplication

Isotope geochemistry requires isotope ratios measured using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) to be made with optimal precision and accuracy. Under some analytical conditions when using electron multiplier detectors, secondary ions may be under‐counted because of quasi‐simultaneous arrival (QSA) at the first dynode. The relative magnitude of the associated QSA correction to raw measured isotopic ratios can be up to seventy permil or more. Therefore, not applying the correction, or misapplication of it could lead to significant inaccuracies in published isotope ratio data. Examples and ramifications of the latter are described in addition to a straightforward procedure for QSA under‐counting correction.

Geochemistry & Geophysics↗

DOE OSTI2025

Simultaneous Observation of Ion-scale Wave Packets with Opposite Polarizations and Their Implications on the Generation Region in the Inner Heliosphere

This paper reports a dispersion analysis of two wave packets simultaneously observed near the local proton gyrofrequency by the Parker Solar Probe. The observed wave event exhibits clear two-banded wave packets both propagating along the magnetic field, characterized by left-handed (L-mode) and right-handed (R-mode) polarizations simultaneously. By incorporating the Doppler shift effect into a linear dispersion analysis, we find two possible scenarios that explain these simultaneous opposite polarizations: (1) Two inherently L-mode waves in the plasma frame, propagate parallel and antiparallel to the solar wind velocity, with similar wave frequencies and wave numbers. The polarization of the antiparallel propagating wave reverses as it moves sunward in the plasma frame while still comoving with the solar wind in the stationary frame. This reversal manifests the polarization of the wave as an R-mode in the spacecraft frame. (2) Simultaneous L-mode and R-mode waves propagate parallel to the solar wind velocity, with different wave frequencies and wave numbers. Concurrent proton observations during the wave event reveal a dominant anisotropic ($T$⟂/$T$ ∥ > 1) core distribution with a drifting beam population. Estimation of the linear growth rate for both L-mode and R-mode waves suggests that both scenarios are plausible, indicating that the observation is near the wave-generation region. We explore the potential impact of these simultaneous waves on solar wind heating and scattering effects, hypothesizing that such waves might enhance efficiency compared to waves with a single wave packet, contingent upon the statistical significance of such waves.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2025

Illuminating Dark Matter Admixed in Neutron Stars with Simultaneous Mass–Radius Constraints

We investigate how simultaneous mass and radius measurements of massive neutron stars can help constrain the properties of dark matter possibly admixed in them. Within a fermionic dark matter model that interacts only through gravitation, along with a well-constrained nuclear matter equation of state, we show that the simultaneous mass and radius measurement of PSRJ0740+6620 reduces the uncertainty of dark matter central energy density by more than 50% compared to the results obtained from using the two observables independently, while other dark matter parameters remain unconstrained. Additionally, we find that the dark matter fraction fD should be smaller than 2% when constrained by the observed neutron star maximum mass alone, and it could be even smaller than 0.3% with the simultaneous measurement of mass and radius, supporting the conclusion that only a small amount of dark matter exists in dark matter admixed neutron stars (DANSs).

NICER↗

DOE OSTI2026

All You Can Eat Yeast: Substituting Hexose Transporters With AtSWEET7 Alleviates Glucose Repression, Enabling Simultaneous Utilization of Sugars in Renewable Feedstocks

Yeast sugar transporters have highly evolved for preferential glucose transport, a significant roadblock for utilizing non-glucose sugars in renewable feedstocks such as lignocellulosic biomass. To enable simultaneous transport of multiple sugars, native hexose transporters were replaced by SWEET7p from Arabidopsis thaliana in engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae capable of fermenting xylose. Engineered S. cerevisiae exhibited reduced glucose preference, simultaneously co-fermenting glucose, mannose, fructose, and xylose both in synthetic and industrial media. Continuous culture experiments demonstrated the co-consuming phenotype and alleviation of glucose repression by engineered S. cerevisiae. In addition to hexose and pentose, the NKSW7-1 strain consumed xylitol as a carbon source. Through transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of the NKSW7-1 strain, we show that the replacement of HXT1-7 with AtSWEET7 led to systemwide reprogramming of the central carbon metabolism. This broad transport capacity of AtSWEET7p holds promise for achieving co-consumption of all sugars in underutilized renewable feedstocks by microbial cell factory.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2025

Investigation of the genesis and intensification of simultaneous cyclones in the Arabian sea and Bay of Bengal in November 2020

The North Indian Ocean (NIO), which includes the Bay of Bengal (BoB) and the Arabian Sea (AS), is frequently impacted by tropical cyclones (TCs). Notably, in November 2020, the simultaneous occurrence of Cyclones Gati in the AS and Nivar in the BoB presented a rare and compelling phenomenon worthy of investigation. This study delves into the underlying mechanisms driving the genesis and intensification of these two Very Severe Cyclonic Storms (VSCS). Key contributing factors include elevated sea surface temperatures (SST) and Tropical Cyclone Heat Potential (TCHP), both crucial for the development and intensification of TCs. Notably, the BoB exhibits higher TCHP values compared to the AS, which facilitated greater intensity for Nivar over Gati. Despite their concurrent formation, the genesis processes of Gati and Nivar were distinct. The early November development of Gati in the AS was modulated by the Rossby wave and the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO). Subsequently, the eastward propagation of the MJO triggered the formation of Cyclone Nivar in the BoB, enhancing convective activity from the AS and coinciding with the arrival of a downward-propagating Rossby wave. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the simultaneous formation of Gati and Nivar, contributing novel insights into the complex interactions between oceanic and atmospheric phenomena. In conclusion, such insights are vital for enhancing the predictive capabilities for destructive weather events in the NIO.

Climate Change↗

DOE OSTI2025

An Integrated High-Speed Microstructural Characterization Method Using Simultaneous XRD, Stereo-DIC, and PCI

High-speed characterization of the deformation mechanisms in polycrystalline metals requires the quantification of full strain fields and local microstructural evolutions simultaneously. In this paper, we present a novel experimental method to integrate phase-contrast imaging (PCI), stereographic digital image correlation (stereo-DIC), and full-ring X-ray diffraction (XRD) to allow for the simultaneous characterization of polycrystalline metals at 1MHz or higher. A Kolsky bar was integrated into the synchrotron X-ray source in Sector 32 ID-B at the Advance Photon Source (APS) at Argonne National Laboratory. When the sample is dynamically loaded, the diagnostic methods of full-ring XRD, PCI, and stereo-DIC are properly synchronized to record the deformation behavior at both continuum and microstructural scales as a function of the loading history. An advanced high-strength steel (AHSS) is used as a model material to demonstrate the capabilities of this new experimental method.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2025

Co-training of multiple neural networks for simultaneous optimization and training of physics-informed neural networks for composite curing

This paper introduces a Physics-Informed Neural Network (PINN) technique that co-trains neural networks (NNs) that represent each function in a system of equations to simultaneously solve equations representing an out-of-autoclave (OOA) cure process while conducting optimization in adherence to process requirements. Specifically, this co-training approach benefits from using NNs to represent OOA inputs (air temperature profile) and outputs (part and tool temperature profiles and degree of cure). Production requirements can then be levied on the inputs, such as maximum air temperature and minimum cure cycle, and simultaneously on the outputs, such as degree of cure, maximum part temperature, and part temperature rate limits. The technique is validated with finite element (FE) simulations and physical experiments for curing a Toray T830H-6 K/3900-2D composite panel. Furthermore, this novel approach efficiently models and optimizes the OOA cure process.

Composite curing↗

DOE OSTI2026

Simple device modification simultaneously enhances indoor passive evaporative cooling power and duration

Passive evaporative cooling from a damp cloth or vessel can be used for localized cooling of perishables such as food and medicine, drinking water, and even people. Such applications have two key objectives, which are normally in tension with each other: minimizing the water consumption rate and maximizing the cooling (steady-state temperature swing between the cool cloth and the warm surroundings). Here, we present a simple device that delivers higher performance in both metrics simultaneously by adding a perforated aluminum foil sheet suspended over a stagnant air layer to thermally shield the evaporating surface while also facilitating mass transfer. Experimental results demonstrate a simultaneous 10%–25% increase in temperature swing and 2–3× reduction in water consumption rate as compared to conventional evaporative cooling. This improvement is achieved through careful modeling to optimize the coupled heat and mass transfer through the airgap (thermally insulating and vapor permeable) and perforated foil (infrared reflective and vapor permeable).

Chen, Sarah Mizuno↗

DOE OSTI2025

Molecular Insights into Novel Struvite–Hydrogel Composites for Simultaneous Ammonia and Phosphate Removal

Struvite (NH 4 MgPO 4 ·6H 2 O) mineralization is an effective technique for removing ammonium and phosphate species from wastewater. However, its wider use faces obstacles because of the copresence of various pollutants in wastewater and the additional requirement for magnesium to achieve proper supersaturation conditions. To address these challenges, this study developed novel mineral–hydrogel composites that can remove ammonium and phosphate simultaneously via heterogeneous struvite and calcium phosphate (CaP) mineralization in hydrogel matrices. The composites include in situ formed struvite and CaP mineral seeds, decreasing the nucleation energy barrier of struvite and CaP formation and promoting their heterogeneous nucleation kinetics even under undersaturation conditions in bulk solution. The dual struvite and CaP seeded composites can simultaneously reduce the ammonium and total phosphate concentrations up to 60% (26.3 mg of N/g) and 91% (9.54 mg of P/g), respectively. Furthermore, the average particle sizes in composites were increased from 6.12 to 14.8 nm after wastewater treatment. Moreover, various ions commonly existing in wastewater did not significantly interfere with the removal of ammonium and phosphate. Thus, these new mineral–hydrogel composites can provide an innovative way to lower nutrient levels before discharge to streams. Moreover, encapsulating ammonium and phosphate in mineral-hydrogel composites enables their upcycling in agricultural or biorefinery applications.

Cations↗

DOE OSTI2024

Uranium Single Particle Analysis for Simultaneous Fluorine and Uranium Isotopic Determinations via Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy/Laser Ablation–Multicollector–Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry

Uranyl fluoride (UO 2 F 2 ) particles (<20 μm) were subjected to first-of-its-kind analysis via simultaneous laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and laser ablation multi-collector inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (LA–MC–ICP–MS). Briefly, a nanosecond pulsed high-energy laser was focused onto the sample (particle) surface. In a single laser pulse, the UO 2 F 2 particle was excited/ionized within the microplasma volume, and the emission of light was collected via fiber optics such that emission spectroscopy could be employed for the detection of uranium (U) and fluorine (F). The ablated particle was simultaneously transported into the MC–ICP–MS for high precision isotopic (i.e., 234 U, 235 U, and 238 U) analysis. This method, LIBS/LA–MC–ICP–MS was optimized and employed to rapidly measure 80+ UO 2 F 2 particles, which were subjected to different calcination processes, which results in varying degrees of F loss from the individual particles. In measuring the particles, the average F/U ratios for the populations treated at 100 and 500 °C were 2.78 ± 1.28 and 1.01 ± 0.50, respectively, confirming loss of F through the calcination process. The average 235 U/ 238 U on the particle populations for the 100 and 500 °C were 0.007262 (22) and 0.007231 (23), which was determined to be <0.2% from the expected value. The 234 U/ 238 U ratios on the same particles were 0.000053 (11) and 0.000050 (10) for the 100 and 500 °C, respectively, <10% from the expected value. Notably, each population was analyzed in under 5 min, demonstrating the truly rapid analysis technique presented here in this paper.

38 RADIATION CHEMISTRY, RADIOCHEMISTRY, AND NUCLEA↗

DOE OSTI2025

Simultaneous occupancy of Cu C and Cu D in the ammonia monooxygenase active site

Ammonia monooxygenase (AMO), a copper-dependent membrane enzyme, catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step of nitrification: the oxidation of ammonia to hydroxylamine. Despite its central role in the global nitrogen cycle and its biotechnological relevance, structural characterization of AMO has lagged behind that of its homolog, particulate methane monooxygenase (pMMO), due to the slow growth rates of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and the instability of AMO upon purification. Recent cryoEM studies of Nitrosomonas europaea AMO and Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath) pMMO in native membranes revealed new structural features, including two adjacent copper-binding sites in the transmembrane region, Cu C and Cu D , believed to constitute the active site. Although multiple structures were determined under various conditions, simultaneous occupancy of Cu C and Cu D was never observed, leaving their potential functional interplay unresolved. Here we report the 2.6 Å resolution cryoEM structure of AMO from Nitrosospira briensis C-128 in isolated native membranes. This structure reveals the first instance of simultaneous copper occupancy of the Cu C and Cu D sites, along with occupancy of the periplasmic Cu B site. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopic data indicate that the Cu B site is primarily occupied by Cu(II), while Cu C and Cu D are primarily occupied by diamagnetic ions, presumably Cu(I). Notably, a lipid molecule is bound between the Cu C and Cu D sites, separating them by ∼8.0 Å. The results underscore the importance of studying these enzymes in their native environments across species to resolve conserved and divergent molecular features.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2024

Simultaneous control of the electron temperature and safety factor profiles in DIII-D using model-based optimal control techniques

Future tokamak power plants will likely operate using a single, well-defined plasma scenario, either in steady state or for very long pulse lengths. In order to enhance the robustness of the scenario, feedback controllers for a variety of plasma properties will be necessary to counteract any disturbances and ensure safe operation. However, only a limited set of actuators will be available to control many different quantities. Because of this, it is necessary to develop controllers that are able to regulate multiple plasma properties using a limited set of actuators. To this end, a controller has been developed for the simultaneous regulation of both the electron temperature and safety factor profiles in DIII-D. This algorithm uses a linear quadratic integral control synthesis approach based on a linearized model of the dynamics of the two profiles. Two neural network surrogate models, NubeamNet and MMMnet, are included to improve the fidelity of the model. Furthermore, the controller has been tested in simulation using COTSIM, and has demonstrated the ability to simultaneously track changes in both the electron temperature and safety factor targets, including changes in both the magnitude and the shape of the profiles.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2024

Simultaneous access to high normalized density, current, pressure, and confinement in strongly-shaped diverted negative triangularity plasmas

Strongly-shaped diverted negative triangularity (NT) plasmas in the DIII-D tokamak demonstrate simultaneous access to high normalized density, current, pressure, and confinement. NT plasmas are shown to exist across an expansive parameter space compatible with high fusion power production, revealing surprisingly good core stability properties that compare favorably to conventional positive triangularity plasmas in DIII-D. Non-dimensionalizing the key parameters, expanded operating spaces featuring edge safety factors below 3, normalized betas above 3, Greenwald density fractions above 1, and high-confinement mode (H-mode) confinement qualities above 1 are observed, even simultaneously, and all with a robustly stable edge free from deleterious edge-localized mode instabilities. Scaling of the confinement time with engineering parameters reveals at least a linear dependence on plasma current although with significant power degradation, both in excess of expected H-mode scalings. These results increase confidence that NT plasmas are a viable approach to realize fusion power and open directions for future detailed study.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2025

First simultaneous observation of co- and counter-current fast-ion losses in the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak

In ITER and future fusion power plants, the source of the fusion born alpha particles is almost isotropic in pitch angle, thus having co- and counter-current populations. For trapped ions, the co-current side of the orbit corresponds to its outer leg, while the counter-current side corresponds to the inner leg. Understanding the mechanisms responsible for the fast-ion losses (FILs) is critical for future magnetically confined fusion power plants. To further study the interplay of fast ions with plasma instabilities, a double pinhole collimator has been developed for a Fast-Ion Loss Detector (FILD) in the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak (AUG). This new FILD opens the operational window to simultaneous measurements of the co- and counter-current ion velocity-space. In this paper, the first results for the AUG double collimator FILD detector are shown. The commissioning of this new probe is carried out in H-mode plasmas with an on-axis magnetic field $B_0 = -2.5$ T, and a plasma current $I_{\textrm{p}} = 0.7$ MA. Simultaneous co- and counter-current FILs have been measured. Both have shown a similar dependence on Ion Cyclotron Resonance Heating (ICRH) power, where the main difference is the intensity of the losses, with the co-losses being an order of magnitude larger. Toroidal Alfvén eigenmode-coherent ICRH-only losses have been identified for the co-current ions. Additionally, the presence of Edge Localized Modes during the discharge were shown to increment Neutral Beam Injection prompt losses, while partially mitigating ICRH-driven losses on both co- and counter- sides of the velocity-space. Finally, a very trapped and high gyroradius losses, with an unclear origin, have been measured in the co- and counter-current velocity-space. The computed ion trajectories show that these ions remain permanently near the vessel wall, suggesting that they are accelerated within the scrape-off layer.

ELM↗

DOE OSTI2026

Simultaneous x-ray diffraction measurements of nine pressure calibrants to 140 GPa

Accurate pressure calibration is fundamental to quantitative high-pressure science, yet inconsistencies among widely used secondary pressure scales persist. In this work, we report simultaneous synchrotron x-ray diffraction meatogether in diamond anvil cells to 140 GPa. This simultaneous-measurement strategy minimizes transitive errors and run-to-run inconsistencies inherent to paired-measurement approaches, yielding direct experimental volume-volume (V-V) relations among the calibrants. These V-V relations link the compression state of each phase to that of every other phase measured in the same experiment. By anchoring these V-V relations to the reduced 300 K equation of state (EOS) of copper derived from ramp-compression measurements, we derive an internally consistent set of Cu-referenced pressure scales via Vinet EOS fits. Because the primary experimental result is the V-V dataset, it provides an EOS-independent constraint that can be rereferenced if primary standards are revised. The dataset further enables a direct experimental cross-check of consistency between the adopted reduced 300 K Cu EOS and the corresponding reduced 300 K ramp-derived EOSs for Pt, Au, Ta, and hcp-Fe under a fixed V-V constraint. The residuals quantify small, material-dependent mismatches between each phase EOS and the Cu reference EOS.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

DOE OSTI2025

BAGELS for simultaneous polarization, orbit, and optics control in electron storage rings

We present a new method for minimizing the effects of radiative depolarization in electron storage rings by use of a minimal number of special vertical orbit bumps. The bumps can be used to minimize the effects of radiative depolarization while simultaneously maintaining other common benefits of vertical orbits, e.g., transverse coupling and vertical dispersion control. Because simultaneously optimizing the large number of vertical correctors in a ring is operationally infeasible, we use dimensionality reduction to define a minimal number of the most effective groups of vertical correctors that can be optimized during operation, motivating the name “Best Adjustment Groups for ELectron Spin” (BAGELS). The method is streamlined by using suitable “basis bumps” instead of all individual vertical correctors. We define three types of basis bumps for different purposes: (i) generates no delocalized transverse coupling nor delocalized vertical dispersion, (ii) generates no delocalized vertical dispersion, and (iii) generates no delocalized transverse coupling. BAGELS has been essential in the design of the Electron Storage Ring (ESR) of the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) and will be beneficial for any polarized electron ring, including FCC-ee. HERA and LEP would have likely benefitted as well. We use BAGELS to significantly increase polarization in the 18 GeV EIC-ESR, beyond what is achievable with conventional methods; in the 1-IP lattice, we nearly double the asymptotic polarization, and in the 2-IP lattice, we more than triple the asymptotic polarization. We also use BAGELS to construct knobs that can be used for global coupling correction, and knobs that generate vertical emittance for beam size matching, all while having minimal impacts on the polarization and orbit/optics. Published by the American Physical Society 2025

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2025

Simultaneous on-chip generation of violet, blue, cyan, green, yellow, orange, and red light from an octave-spanning infrared frequency comb

An integrated, multi-spectral visible-light source could significantly benefit technologies such as displays, medical imaging, spectroscopy, visible-light communications, and astrophysics. However, despite recent advances in chip-scale visible lasers, simultaneously generating light of all colors in a single chip has been challenging. Existing solutions are either not suitable for full chip-scale integration, or are fundamentally difficult to scale. Here we demonstrate the simultaneous on-chip generation of infrared, red, orange, yellow, green, cyan, blue, and violet light. Leveraging the low loss, low dispersion, and high density of modes of an adiabatic multimode silicon nitride (SiN) microresonator, we use a single infrared pump of moderate power (~130 mW) to produce an octave-spanning infrared frequency comb that is then converted to different portions of the visible spectrum. We measure non-mode-locked combs and soliton steps corresponding to mode-locked states, making our comb generator suitable for applications that demand either low or high coherence. Since the required pump power is compatible with high-power lasers demonstrated in the same SiN platform, our multi-octave light generator can be fully integrated in a chip-scale form factor. We envision that such a light source will be a catalyst for the development and deployment of miniaturized multi-spectral technologies for quantum systems, medical imaging, displays, and spectroscopy.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

DOE OSTI2024

Muon-Neutrino Charged-Current Cross Sections from MicroBooNE: First Simultaneous Measurements of Final States with and without Protons for Muon-Neutrino Scattering on Argon

A detailed understanding of muon neutrino charged-current interactions on argon is crucial to the study of neutrino oscillations in current and future experiments using liquid argon time projection chambers. To help fill this need, MicroBooNE has produced a comprehensive set of cross section measurements which simultaneously probe the leptonic and hadronic systems by dividing the inclusive channel into final states with and without protons. Data-driven model validation utilizing the conditional constraint formalism is employed to detect mismodeling that may bias the nominal flux averaged cross section results, which are extracted with the Wiener-SVD unfolding method. The results are compared to widely used event generator predictions revealing significant mismodeling of final states without protons, possibly due to insufficient treatment of final state interactions. These are first differential muon neutrino-argon cross section measurements made simultaneously for final states with and without protons and provide novel information that will help stimulate the improvement of event generator modeling.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗