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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 181 records · Page 10
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

Decoding the Oxygen Activity with Iron through Ligand-to-Metal Charge Transfer in Li-Rich Layered Cathodes

The quest for high-energy-density and cost-effective cathode materials has revitalized lithium-rich iron-based oxides, where Fe 3+ ions with their stable half-filled d 5 electronic configuration demonstrate unique potentials in regulating oxygen redox activity through ligand-to-metal charge transfer. Using operando 57 Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, synchrotron X-ray techniques, and density functional theory calculations, we unravel the enhanced Fe–O redox activity through the LMCT process and the concomitant evolution of local structure distortion in the Li-rich layered system Li 1.2 MO 2 (M = Ni, Mn, Fe). The metastable Fe 4+ intermediates facilitate early activation of oxygen redox through LMCT along with increased delithiation at a lowered potential (below 4.5 V). Here, this process inherently suppresses Jahn–Teller distortion of Fe 4+ and exhibits Fe–O redox dominance over conventional Fe 3+ /Fe 4+ redox in Li-rich oxides. The Fe–O coupling redox exhibits improved initial Coulombic efficiency and 95% capacity retention over 200 cycles at 4.4 V. However, the LMCT process is accompanied by aggravated cation migration and voltage fade at low cutoff potentials, which requires further mitigation for the utilization of Fe–O redox. Overall, these findings demonstrate the regulating mechanism of iron for oxygen redox through LMCT and provide fundamental insights into the design principles for high-performance, cost-effective iron-based cathode materials.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Gepta-EX: a multi-channel germanium detector for X-ray absorption fine structure

Fluorescence-mode X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) at high photon energies requires detectors with high stopping power and excellent energy resolution to measure weak element-specific signals. Traditional silicon-based detectors suffer from poor efficiency above ∼20 keV, while most high-Z materials such as cadmium telluride, cadmium zinc telluride, and gallium arsenide have focused predominantly on imaging applications with limited spectroscopic resolution. In contrast, germanium combines excellent stopping power with superior intrinsic energy resolution due to its low Fano factor and favorable charge transport properties, making it ideal for high-resolution spectroscopy in the 15 keV to 100 keV range. To address these requirements, we report on the development, fabrication, and performance evaluation of Gepta-EX, a compact multi-channel high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector system for fluorescence-mode XAS. The Gepta-EX system features a monolithic seven-channel HPGe pixel array integrated with low-noise CUBE charge-sensitive preamplifiers, housed within a thermally isolated compact cryostat operating near 90 K. The detector achieves energy resolutions of 218 eV at 5.9 keV (from a 55 Fe source) and 373 eV at 59.5 keV (from a 241 Am source), with uniform performance across all channels. By avoiding the escape peak interference commonly associated with silicon detectors and providing stable, high-resolution performance, Gepta-EX represents a powerful tool for high-energy X-ray spectroscopy.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Entropy-Tailored Fast-Charging Sodium Layered Cathodes

O3-type layered transition metal (TM) oxides are widely used as cathode materials for Na-ion batteries due to their high energy density potential, enabled by the state of charge (SoC)-dependent transition from octahedral (O-type) to prismatic (P-type) structures during Na-ion (de)sodiation. However, the O–P transition is often criticized for compromising the Na-ion mobility and limiting the cycle life. Herein, we reveal the intrinsic correlation between O–P transitions, oxygen behaviors, and Na-ion kinetics. We demonstrate that a compositionally versatile, entropy-tailored approach can promote preferred transitions (characterized by large lattice parameter deviations in the O-type region and rapid O–P biphasic reactions), enhancing Na-ion migration, as revealed by in situ high-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction (HEXRD). Additionally, irreversible oxygen loss at high SoC is effectively mitigated, while TM migration and surface reconstruction are greatly suppressed, further accelerating Na-ion transport and stabilizing the structure, as confirmed by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and theoretical analyses. The result is an exceptionally high rate capability of 88.7 mAh g –1 at 20 C (2.4 A g –1 ) with a superior normalized retention of 72.6%, accompanied by a prolonged lifetime with 74.3% retention after 1000 cycles. In conclusion, this work advances the understanding of the chemistry–property relationships in O3-type layered cathodes and broadens the prospects for fabricating high-power-density electrodes.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Site specific porosity-thermal performance correlations in neutron irradiated U-10Zr fuel

In this work, we present a site-specific three-dimensional analysis of porosity evolution in neutron-irradiated U–10Zr metallic fuel using high-resolution synchrotron X-ray tomography. Focused ion beam cubic lift-outs from four radial positions—fuel center, middle, edge, and fuel-cladding interaction (FCCI) zones—were imaged, reconstructed, and segmented to quantify pore volume, density, morphology, and pore connectivity. Porosity increased modestly from 5.5% at the center to 10.5% at the edge, yet pore number density increased by over two orders of magnitude in the fuel portion near the FCCI interface (from 4.8 x 10 4 to 6.0 x 10 6 pores/mm 3 ). Morphological classification revealed a progression from small spherical pores at the center to equiaxed and tortuous networks at the periphery, with enhanced orientation along the radial direction. Connectivity and permeability analysis reveal that the FCCI region maintains dense, highly interconnected pores despite a moderate volume fraction, enabling rapid fission gas transport and lanthanide migration. Effective thermal conductivity models incorporating sodium logging confirm that these site-specific pore features critically influenced heat transport during reactor irradiation. These findings demonstrate that pore topology—not just porosity fraction—controls thermal performance and thermal pathways in U–10Zr fuels, impacting fuel thermal performance in a reactor.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Compositional Phase Control in High-Entropy Alloy Electrocatalysts

High-entropy alloys (HEAs) provide uniquely tunable structural and electronic properties that enable robust electrocatalysis. While compositional manipulation of HEAs is well-known, systematically controlling the crystalline phase and morphology remains a challenge that could provide new avenues for controlling reactive sites and physical properties. Here, we show the preferential stabilization of mixed fcc/bcc to fcc phases by controlling the Au content in quinary AuPdFeCoNi HEA nanoparticles. This systematic structural and compositional control, when investigated with an ensemble of electronic, X-ray synchrotron, and surface techniques, allows us to identify the critical short- (few-Å) and medium- (6–10 Å) range structural motifs that deliver exceptional hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalysis. Specifically, these HEAs exhibit both outstanding durability (240 h) and high mass activity (50 A/mg PGM ) normalized to noble metal content, outperforming commercial Pt/C (3.18 A/mg PGM ). This structural control over HEA morphology, and its direct association with changes in specific metallic oxidation states and pair–pair atomic structural features, provides new means and strategies for finely designing robust and sustainable electrocatalysts with a majority nonprecious metal composition.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Hierarchal structures tuned electrocaloric and electromechanical performance in PVDF-based tetrapolymers

Ferroelectrics with multifunctionalities are gaining increased interest in self-actuated electrocaloric effect (ECE) refrigerators. However, achieving high ECE and electromechanical (EM) coupling concomitantly for maximum heat transfer remains challenging. Here we present the structure-property relationship for poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene-co-chlorofluoroethylene-co-double bond), P(VDF-TrFE-CFE-DB), tetrapolymer, which exhibited a high ECE entropy change of 66.5 J Kg −1 K −1 and EM strain of −6.1%. We show that thermal treatment can be a key factor influencing multifunctional properties. High-temperature annealing incorporates DB and CFE units into crystalline grains to form extended-chain crystals, enabling CFE units to induce relaxor behavior and DB units to induce large structural changes at low electric fields. This synergy leads to an enhancement in both ECE and EM performances. Furthermore, at an optimized temperature of 50 °C, the annealed films exhibit giant cross-energy coupling, achieving ECE and EM performances of 100.8 J Kg −1 K −1 and −7.6%. This study provides insights into developing new ferroelectric polymers with electroactive multifunctionalities.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Rational design of high-performance low-loading oxygen reduction catalysts for alkaline fuel cells

The lack of mechanistic understanding and catalyst design principles for alkaline electrolytes, especially for the sluggish oxygen reduction reaction, has impeded the advancement of alkaline fuel cells. Here, in this study, we propose a modified volcano plot and apply this rationale to strategically design Pt nanosheets with PdH x nanosheets substrates. This catalyst exhibited high stability with a specific activity of 1.71 mA cm −2 at 0.95 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode, surpassing the benchmark of Pt/C by 49-fold. Spectroscopic, electrochemical and electron microscopic characterizations revealed that such performance enhancement originated from tensile-strained Pt{111} facets, improving oxidative stability and suppressing carbon corrosion. In fuel cell testing, the catalyst enabled a peak power density of 1.67 W cm −2 with a loading of 10 µg PGM Cathode cm −2 . Further optimization delivered a peak power density of 21.7 W mg −1 PGM Cathode+Anode with a total specific catalyst cost US$\$$1.27 kW −1 , surpassing the US Department of Energy’s Pt group metal loading and cost targets. This study provides valuable insights into catalyst design for the alkaline oxygen reduction reaction.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Linking Domain Structure Evolution at a Grain Boundary to Piezoelectric Response via Nano‐Diffraction

Electric-field-induced domain structure switching in a 1 𝜇⁢m -thick Pb 0.99 (Zr 0.45 Ti 0.55 ) 0.98 Nb 0.02 O 3 (Nb-doped PZT) bicrystal film was characterized in situ via nano-focused synchrotron diffraction. The epitaxial film was deposited on a (100) SrTiO 3 bicrystal substrate. The changes in domain structure were mapped within a 5 𝜇⁢m × 5 𝜇⁢m area at and around an in-plane tilt-type (23.6°) grain boundary with 50 nm spatial resolution. Rocking curves collected at each point of the mapped area provided the ability to reconstruct spatially-varying three-dimensional (3D) reciprocal space maps around the grain boundary. The 3D reciprocal space maps reveal how different tilted 𝑎 -type domain variants interact with the grain boundary as a function of increasing electric field. Initially, a subset of 𝑎 -type domain variants with their polarization vectors largely orthogonal to the grain boundary were found in greater abundance within 570 nm of the grain boundary, possibly due to X-ray beam-induced local increases in the electrical conductivity, but after the coercive field was exceeded, reconfiguration of the ferroelastic domains was observed. The spatially-varying reciprocal space maps also facilitated evaluation of the strain field across the mapped area, along with 𝑑 33,𝑓 . Significant spatial heterogeneity of strain and 𝑑 33,𝑓 are observed, especially at the coercive field, which was attributed to maintaining deformation compatibility and correlated ferroelastic switching.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Biogeochemical Controls on Wood Degradation as a Source of Bioavailable Carbon in Denitrifying Bioreactors

Woodchip bioreactors (WBRs) are important tools for the removal of nitrate in agricultural drainage, but their effectiveness is often limited by the slow degradation of lignocellulosic wood residues into bioavailable forms of carbon that fuel denitrifying microorganisms. Here, we examine biogeochemical factors regulating wood degradation in saturated woodchip beds, with a focus on the effects of dissolved oxygen (DO), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) in generating oxidative activity that can enhance wood decomposition. Woodchips from a 10-year-old WBR were characterized with bulk techniques and a novel combination of μX-ray scattering, μXRF, and μXANES to visualize the depletion of crystalline cellulose as a proxy for wood degradation. Woodchips from upstream portions of the reactor exhibited the greatest degradation, probably due to greater DO exposure, and degradation was localized to a 100 to 200 μm thick surface layer that was also associated with higher concentrations of Fe and Mn. Greater degradation was associated with faster nitrate removal. μXANES analysis of Fe and Mn in the surface layer indicated the presence of a microenvironment in which oxygenation reactions of Fe(II) and Mn(II) could contribute to the formation of reactive oxidants involved in the degradation of lignocellulose. In conclusion, our results provide new insight into biogeochemical properties that influence wood decomposition in WBRs at both micro- and macroscales and how these wood degradation processes are coupled with denitrification.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Accelerating Discovery of Solid‐State Thin‐Film Metal Dealloying for 3D Nanoarchitecture Materials Design through Laser Thermal Gradient Treatment

Thin‐film solid‐state metal dealloying (thin‐film SSMD) is a promising method for fabricating nanostructures with controlled morphology and efficiency, offering advantages over conventional bulk materials processing methods for integration into practical applications. Although machine learning (ML) has facilitated the design of dealloying systems, the selection of key thermal treatment parameters for nanostructure formation remains largely unknown and dependent on experimental trial and error. To overcome this challenge, a workflow enabling high‐throughput characterization of thermal treatment parameters is demonstrated using a laser‐based thermal treatment to create temperature gradients on single thin‐film samples of Nb‐Al/Sc and Nb‐Al/Cu. This continuous thermal space enables observation of dealloying transitions and the resulting nanostructures of interest. Through synchrotron X‐ray multimodal and high‐throughput characterization, critical transitions and nanostructures can be rapidly captured and subsequently verified using electron microscopy. The key temperatures driving chemical reactions and morphological evolutions are clearly identified. While the oxidation may influence nanostructure formation during thin‐film treatment, the dealloying process at the dealloying front involves interactions solely between the dealloying elements, highlighting the availability and viability of the selected systems. Further, this approach enables efficient exploration of the dealloying process and validation of ML predictions, thereby accelerating the discovery of thin‐film SSMD systems with targeted nanostructures.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Revealing multiscale competing processes in the solid-state synthesis of single-crystalline layered oxide positive electrodes

Solid-state synthesis involves a web of coupled chemical reactions and physical changes that unfold across multiple scales. Efforts to fine-tune its parameters have historically followed heuristic, trial-driven workflows that demand significant time and resources. In this study, we aimed to open this black box by employing multiscale in situ synchrotron imaging and diffraction. Using LiNi 0.5 Mn 0.3 Co 0.2 O 2 battery positive electrode material as a model system and Ba-based sintering aids, we reveal dopant segregation, intergranular mass transport, and porosity evolution as key drivers of single-crystalline particle formation. Notably, we uncovered a dynamic competition between particle-level grain coalescence and atomic-scale cation disordering, both of which are thermally activated yet have opposing impacts on battery performance. These findings highlight the coupled, multiscale nature of structure development and offer a mechanistic basis for optimizing the solid-state synthesis process. This framework provides a path toward more controlled, efficient, and scalable production of high-performance battery positive electrode materials.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Topotactic Reduction‐Driven Crystal Field Excitations in Brownmillerite Manganite Thin Films

Topotactic reduction of perovskite oxides offers a powerful approach for discovering novel phenomena, such as superconducting infinite-layer nickelates and polar metallicity, and is commonly accompanied by the emergence of multiple valence states and/or complex crystal fields of transition metals. However, understanding the complex interplay between crystal chemistry, electronic structure, and physical properties at the spin- and orbital-resolved levels in these reduced systems remains elusive. Here, in this study, x-ray absorption spectroscopy, resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (RIXS), and density functional theory calculations are used to uncover topotactic metal-insulator transition and orbital-specific crystal field excitations in brownmillerite La 0.67 Ca 0.33 MnO 2.5 thin films. The Mn valence states are found to be Mn 2+ /Mn 3+ , along with their corresponding populations at octahedral and tetrahedral sites, which effectively weaken the Mn-O hybridization compared to the parent perovskite phase. As a result, La 0.67 Ca 0.33 MnO 2.5 films exhibit an antiferromagnetic insulating ground state. Moreover, by combining the RIXS measurements on selected single-valence manganites, specifically MnO, LaMnO 3 , and CaMnO 3 , with orbital- and spin-resolved density-of-states calculations, the study identifies the dd excitations of octahedrally and tetrahedrally coordinated Mn 2+ /Mn 3+ ions, directly linking the microscopic electronic structure to the macroscopic magnetic/electrical properties.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Optimized manufacturing process for multilayer two-dimensional focusing mirrors in laboratory X-ray applications

Recent advances in laboratory X-ray applications require high-performance optical components that achieve exceptional imaging resolution and beam uniformity within compact experimental setups. Montel mirrors have become a preferred solution due to their unique dual-reflection focusing mechanism and a space-efficient design. Here, in this study, we present an effective manufacturing process for producing Montel mirrors tailored to focus laboratory X-ray beams. The mirrors were fabricated from single-crystal silicon substrates, chosen for their high mechanical stability and compatibility with precision polishing techniques. Our approach begins with the integration of a deterministic chemo-mechanical polishing (CMP)-based pre-shaping step followed by ion beam figuring (IBF), significantly improving manufacturing efficiency. Subsequently, our custom-developed advanced metrology and IBF techniques were employed for fabricating an off-axis, elliptical cylinder Montel mirror system with a 6-mrad total slope, with stringent optical specifications. While post-IBF processes, including multilayer coating, dicing, and gluing, introduced minor surface errors, yet their impact on performance remained negligible. The Montel mirrors manufactured with the optimized process exhibited significantly improved beam uniformity and a reduced focal spot size. These findings validate our approach as a viable solution for high-precision Montel mirror fabrication and facilitate further advancements in laboratory X-ray applications.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Enabling room-temperature ferromagnetism in few-layered MoS 2 films via strain engineering

Strain engineering presents a promising pathway for modulating the physical properties of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides materials. Here, in this study, we investigate the strain-induced magnetic behavior of diamagnetic MoS 2 films prepared by the DC magnetron sputtering technique. By applying +1% tensile strain to few-layered MoS 2 films (∼3.5 nm), we observe the emergence of room-temperature ferromagnetism with a magnetization saturation of about ∼130 emu/cm 3 , in stark contrast to bulk films (∼40 nm), which remain diamagnetic under similar conditions. Raman spectroscopy reveals a pronounced reduction in the intensity and the splitting of the E′ mode in 1% strained few-layered films, indicating a possible bond elongation and symmetry breaking under tensile stress. Additionally, x-ray absorption spectroscopy at the Mo M 3 edge further confirms a strain-induced electronic structure modification in few-layered films, with no corresponding shift observed in bulk counterparts. Moreover, the strain-induced magnetic and structural changes are largely reversible upon strain release. We attribute the origin of ferromagnetism in few-layered films to the combined influence of tensile strain and defect-assisted bond weakening, which facilitates crystal field transitions within the Mo 4d orbitals. These findings demonstrate that strain engineering can effectively induce and modulate magnetism in 2D materials, providing opportunities for developing strain-controlled spintronic applications.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Microstructurally informed synchrotron x-ray analysis revealing helium defect transitions in ultrafine grained tungsten

The formation of insoluble gaseous defects in materials due to nuclear transmutation or ion implantation involves the diffusion of impurity atoms to form atomic defect clusters that coalesce into bubbles or cavities and ultimately degrade the material properties. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is limited in its ability to resolve sub-nanometer gas clusters whereas X-ray diffraction (XRD) provides information pertaining to local atomic changes. Here, in this study, helium (He) implanted ultrafine grained tungsten is explored through a multimodal defect characterization campaign combining TEM-informed Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) analysis, XRD lattice parameter measurements, and nanoscale He cluster quantification from a region of reciprocal space accessible via Wide Angle X-ray Scattering (WAXS). Moderate elevated temperature implantations are shown to produce high concentrations of sub-nanoscale He clusters and small, homogeneously distributed cavities, which collectively are linked to lattice expansion and further substantiated through complementary atomistic simulations. Increased implantation temperatures encourage the diffusion of these defects to the grain boundaries (GBs), leading to lattice relaxation and the growth of large GB cavities manifesting as bimodal size distributions in the SAXS analysis. Overall, our results demonstrate the utility of multimodal synchrotron X-ray analysis in bridging the gap between microscale He cavity quantification and atomic-scale defect analysis.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Spatiotemporal and Statistical Mapping of Transition Metal Equilibria in Alkaline Media

Transition metal dissolution and redeposition (D/R) kinetics in alkaline media play a critical role in various chemical and electrochemical processes. Competitive reaction kinetics between different transition metals can modulate individual metal behavior in these processes. To date, these phenomena have remained largely unmeasured, and even when captured, they are difficult to statistically characterize due to their dynamic nature, simultaneous occurrence, and spatially heterogeneous nature. Here, in this study, we develop a statistical analysis framework based on in situ and operando X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM) to investigate the relative D/R kinetics of multiple transition metals in alkaline media. By employing statistical analysis, we quantify the spatial distribution of D/R species and assess the rate at which the system reaches equilibrium under varying reaction conditions. We show that pH does not simply change the rate of dissolution and redeposition, but reorganizes the cross-element kinetic correlations among Ni, Fe, and Mn and accelerates the spatial equilibration of D/R events, as quantified through correlation analysis, reaction-rate estimation, probability function distributions, and texture-based monitoring statistics. Additionally, we demonstrate how modifying the solvent environment can influence D/R kinetics, providing a pathway for tuning materials synthesis and process optimization. Our study offers valuable insights into the complex interplay between different transition metals and provides a reliable statistical framework for spatial analysis of diverse imaging data sets, enabling deeper extraction of latent information across multiple modalities.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Electrostatically assembled open square and checkerboard superlattices

Programmable assembly of nanoparticles into structures other than two-dimensional hexagonal lattices remains challenging. Assembling an open checkerboard or square lattice is harder to achieve compared to a close-packed hexagonal structure. Here, in this study, we introduce a unified, robust approach to assemble nanoparticles into a diverse family of two-dimensional superlattices at the liquid–air interface. Gold nanoparticles are grafted with pH-responsive, water-soluble poly(ethylene glycol) chains terminating in single bondCOOH or -NH 2 end groups, enabling control over interparticle Coloumbic interactions, while the molecular weight of grafted polymer dictates its conformation. This combined control of charges and conformation enables crystallization into checkerboard, simple-square, and body-centered honeycomb superlattices. Furthermore, tuning the pH induces structural transitions between different lattice types. This approach opens new avenues for the fabrication of colloidal superstructures with tailored architectures.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Amorphous zinc–molybdenum–sulfide chalcogel as a long-cycle, high-capacity electrode for lithium-ion batteries

The inherent limitations of intercalation-based electrodes in lithium-ion batteries have prompted the search for alternative materials with higher specific capacities and robust electrochemical stability. Sulfur-based electrodes, despite their high theoretical capacities (1672 mAh g −1 ), typically suffer from poor cycling performance. In this work, zinc molybdenum polysulfide (Zn x Mo 3 S 13 , 0.5 ≤ x), an amorphous semiconductor chalcogel, exhibits high specific capacity and excellent cycling stability. Synchrotron X-ray pair distribution function and extended X-ray absorption fine structure analyses reveal a short-range atomic structure comprising Mo–Mo, M–S (M = Mo, Zn), and S–S bonding motifs. The coordination environment of Mo and S closely resembles that of Mo 3 S 13 clusters, interconnected via S–S bridges and Zn 2+ cations. The Li/Zn x Mo 3 S 13 cell delivers an initial discharge capacity of 844 mAh g −1 at C/3, and retains 386.2 mAh g −1 after 1000 cycles with an average coulombic efficiency of 99.99%. The distribution of relaxation times analysis confirms the formation of a stable solid electrolyte interphase, which underpins the cell's long-term stability. In conclusion, this outstanding performance is attributed to the synergistic effects of the chalcogel's unique amorphous framework, semiconductive character, Zn-mediated polysulfide anchoring, and structural resilience, positioning Zn x Mo 3 S 13 chalcogel among the most durable pure metal sulfide cathodes reported for next-generation LIBs.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗